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1. 常見詞法錯(cuò)誤。短文改錯(cuò)試題中的詞法錯(cuò)誤主要包括動(dòng)詞、名詞、冠詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞和介詞等詞類誤用，同義詞混淆使用，固定搭配錯(cuò)誤等方面。根據(jù)句子成分分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)和具體詞的含義從而作出正確的判斷是解答此類試題的關(guān)鍵。

①動(dòng)詞。設(shè)錯(cuò)的形式一般有：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)、主謂一致、非謂語動(dòng)詞、謂語動(dòng)詞缺失、短暫性動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞混用等。

例：I will send you the photos we take together last week.[分析]考查謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)句意“我將給你發(fā)送我們上周拍攝的照片”可知，照片為過去拍攝的，所以應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。

例：The color TV set produced in their factory are selling to several countries.[分析]考查謂語動(dòng)詞語態(tài)。根據(jù)句意“他們工廠生產(chǎn)的彩色電視機(jī)被賣到許多國家”可知，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

例：More than one student have attended the meeting about the wildlife protection.[分析]考查主謂一致。many a, more than one修飾單數(shù)名詞，概念上表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，但中心詞是單數(shù)，所以謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。

例：We found that some little girls were made do the job from morning till night.[分析]考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。make后接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，不定式符號(hào)to不能省略。

例：According to the survey, students working to earn money for their own use.[分析]謂語動(dòng)詞缺失。該句中working是v-ing形式，不可以單獨(dú)作謂語，根據(jù)句意應(yīng)將working改為原形work作謂語動(dòng)詞。

例：They had got in touch with each other for ages before they met at last.[分析]考查短暫性動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞辨析。get in touch with表示短暫性動(dòng)作，不能和表示時(shí)間段的for ages連用，所以應(yīng)將got改為kept或been。

②名詞。主要是對(duì)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞、名詞所有格、名詞作定語等的考查。

例：Xiao Ming and I walked into the bar and ordered two coffee.

[分析]考查可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的誤用。coffee本是不可數(shù)名詞，但和數(shù)詞連用時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞，表示“一杯咖啡”，因此兩杯coffee要改為coffees。

例：Holding the Olympic Games is great success to our country.

[分析]考查抽象名詞具體化。success當(dāng)“成功”講時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞，但指具體的一件事時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞，前面須加不定冠詞a。

例：The woman teachers are dancing in the hall and everyone is happy.

[分析]考查名詞作定語。man, woman等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)形式以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。此處應(yīng)該把woman改為women。

③冠詞。主要是從固定搭配中冠詞的誤用、冠詞漏用、不定冠詞a和an的誤用等方面進(jìn)行考查。

例：Suddenly, I caught a sight of my old friend in the crowd.

[分析]考查固定搭配。catch sight of為固定搭配，意為“瞥見”。

例：Everyone knows that the sun rises in east.[分析]考查冠詞漏用。在表示方位、方向等的名詞前要用定冠詞the。

例：On the way to the village, they met a 11-year-old boy who looked a little frightened.[分析]考查不定冠詞。短語11-year-old的讀音是以元音音素[i]開頭，所以其前應(yīng)用不定冠詞an。

④形容詞、副詞。在試題中一般設(shè)兩行，難度適中，常見的考點(diǎn)有：形容詞和副詞的誤用、形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)的誤用、比較等級(jí)修飾語的誤用等。

例：Some students will be happy in an open educational school than in a traditional classroom.[分析]考查形容詞的比較等級(jí)。該句中含有一個(gè)than的比較級(jí)句型，因此happy應(yīng)改為happier。

例：I was very angry, but they were very angrier.[分析]考查比較等級(jí)的修飾語。比較級(jí)前可用表示程度的副詞，如even, much, very much, still, any, a lot, a bit, a little, far等來修飾，而very, quite, so, fairly等詞不可修飾形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)。

⑤代詞。常見的考點(diǎn)有：人稱代詞與物主代詞的誤用、不定代詞的誤用等。此類試題解答的關(guān)鍵是準(zhǔn)確把握行文邏輯關(guān)系。

例：The twins begin to hate this kind of work that can destroy his happiness.[分析]考查物主代詞。該句的主語是twins為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后面的代詞his為單數(shù)形式與主語不一致，所以應(yīng)把his改為their。

例：He and his children felt tired but neither of them would stop to have a rest.[分析]考查不定代詞。neither指“兩個(gè)都不”，該句明顯是指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人，所以neither應(yīng)改為none。

⑥介詞。主要考查介詞的多用或遺漏。

例：Last Sunday we took a bus to visit to a factory.

[分析]考查介詞的多用。visit作名詞用時(shí)，后常和介詞to連用，構(gòu)成短語pay a visit to意為“參觀，拜訪”；但作動(dòng)詞時(shí)為及物動(dòng)詞，后面直接跟表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。

例：I disagreed him about how we ought to deal with the matter.

[分析]考查介詞的遺漏。Disagree with sb about sth意為“不同意某人某事”。

2. 常見句法錯(cuò)誤。短文改錯(cuò)中的句法錯(cuò)誤通常表現(xiàn)為簡單句、復(fù)合句以及疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句等錯(cuò)誤。這類句子在短文改錯(cuò)中所占的比例較大，解答此類試題時(shí)，對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析正確很關(guān)鍵。

①簡單句。考查主要以基本的句型為主。

例：His words made all of us were happy.[分析]考查簡單句。make后接復(fù)合賓語，因此應(yīng)去掉be動(dòng)詞were。

例：How beautiful flowers he gave me as a present for my birthday!

[分析]考查感嘆句的感嘆詞。該句中beatiful修飾的是名詞flowers，所以應(yīng)用what來引導(dǎo)。

例：There had a discussion on how to solve the problem yesterday afternoon.[分析]考查there be句型。There be句型表示“有”，謂語動(dòng)詞要用be動(dòng)詞。

②強(qiáng)調(diào)句。考查其基本的句型結(jié)構(gòu)。

例：It was at midnight when my brother and I got back home yesterday.

[分析]考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。判斷it is…句型是不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型主要是看能否將此句恢復(fù)成原句，即能否把it is/was…that/who…去掉。如果去掉后，剩下的成分仍然能組成一個(gè)完整的句子，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，否則就不是。

例：Why is that smoking is not allowed here?[分析]此句是個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句。強(qiáng)調(diào)疑問詞為why，將該句強(qiáng)調(diào)句型去掉并還原就成了：Why is smoking not allowed here?

③復(fù)合句。主要是對(duì)狀語從句、定語從句、名詞性從句等的考查。解答此類試題的關(guān)鍵是在讀懂句意的基礎(chǔ)上判斷它屬于什么從句。

例：When he was a little boy, his mother was very poor that she had to send him to a rich family.[分析]考查狀語從句。該句是so…that…句型，意為“如此…以至于…”，very改為so。

例：The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through it he could climb out.[分析]考查定語從句。分析句子可知，兩個(gè)分句之間沒有任何并列連詞，因此不是并列句。后一分句應(yīng)該是定語從句修飾先行詞hole，所以應(yīng)將it改為關(guān)系代詞which。

3. 常見行文邏輯錯(cuò)誤。很多情況下，在短文改錯(cuò)試題中，判斷錯(cuò)誤不能只從某個(gè)詞本身，甚至不能只從整個(gè)句子本身看，而要從上下文，乃至整篇文章去理解。這屬于對(duì)文章邏輯關(guān)系的考查，這就要求我們做題時(shí)要準(zhǔn)確把握文章的意思、內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)等。

（1）前后句之間和上下文中的邏輯錯(cuò)誤。

例：This was a lie, and his teacher did not know.[分析]考查上下句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，它們應(yīng)該是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此要將and改為but。

例：Xiao Ming and I went to the same school and then to the same university. So we hadn’t met each other since then.[分析]前后兩個(gè)句子應(yīng)該是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，而不是因果關(guān)系。

（2）代詞或副詞指代所引起的邏輯錯(cuò)誤。

例：I gave private make-up lessons to three of my friends, so that we would have a chance of passing the examination.[分析]考查代詞指代。根據(jù)句意可以看出前后人稱不一致。應(yīng)把we改為they，指代three of my friends。

例：I’ll never forget the first day at that factory. We arrived here early in the morning.[分析]由“that factory”可知，作者在寫這句話時(shí)，立足點(diǎn)不是在工廠，故應(yīng)將here改為there表示離說話人較遠(yuǎn)的地方。