2007年英語高考復習第一部分 詞法
第1章 主謂一致
一.概念:
主謂一致是指：
1） 語法形式上要一致，即單復數形式與謂語要一致。
2） 意義上要一致，即主語意義上的單復數要與謂語的單復數形式一致。
3） 就近原則，即謂語動詞的單復形式取決于最靠近它的詞語，
一般來說，不可數名詞用動詞單數，可數名詞復數用動詞復數。例如：
There is much water in the thermos.
但當不可數名詞前有表示數量的復數名詞時，謂語動詞用復數形式。例如：
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相關知識點精講
1.并列結構作主語時謂語用復數，例如：
注意：當主語由and連結時，如果它表示一個單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時，謂語動詞用單數，and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。例如：
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 鋼鐵工業對我們的生活有重要意義。
典型例題
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注： 先從時態上考慮。這是過去發生的事情應用過去時，先排除A.，C。本題易誤選D，因為The League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個人，但仔細辨別，monitor 前沒有the，在英語中，當一人兼數職時只在第一個職務前加定冠詞。后面的職務用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個人，所以應選B。
2. 主謂一致中的靠近原則
1)當there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時，謂語應與最鄰近的主語保持一致。例如：
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十個男孩，二十三個女孩。
2）當either… or… 與neither… nor，連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導，而主語又不止一個時，謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。例如：
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 給你筆、信封和紙。
3.謂語動詞與前面的主語一致
當主語有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞組成的短語時，謂語動詞與前面的主語部分一致。例如：
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教師和一些學生在參觀工廠。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。
4. 謂語需用單數的情況
1）代詞each以及由every, some, no, any等構成的復合代詞作主語時，或主語中含有each, every時, 謂語需用單數。例如：
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我們每人都有錄音機。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表壞了。
2）當主語是一本書或一條格言時，謂語動詞常用單數。例如：
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜譚》是英語愛好者熟悉的一本書。
3）表示金錢，時間，價格或度量衡的復合名詞作主語時，通常把這些名詞看作一個整體，謂語一般用單數。例如：
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三個星期來做準備。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元夠了。
5.指代意義決定謂語的單復數
1）代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復數由其指代的詞的單復數決定。例如：
All is right. 一切順利。
All are present. 人都到齊了。
2）集體名詞作主語時，謂語的數要根據主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后，謂語動詞用復數形式時強調這個集體中的各個成員，用單數時強調該集體的整體。例如：
His family isn't very large. 他家成員不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家個個都是音樂愛好者。
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復數形式。例如：
Are there any police around? 附近有警察嗎？
3）有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時看作單數，有時看作復數。例如：
A number of +名詞復數+復數動詞。
The number of +名詞復數+單數動詞。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致的情況
1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語時，謂語動詞通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如：
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的錢化在書上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分學生積極參與體育運動。
2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數。例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒體報道了一連串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 爐邊有一堆木柴。
3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的短語作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數形式。但由more than… of 作主語時，動詞應與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如：
Many a person has read the novel. 許多人讀過這本書。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學生來自這個城市。
三.鞏固練習
（ ） 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was
C. was, were D. were, were
（ ） 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played
C. are playing D. play
（ ） 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
（ ） 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems
C. seemed D. are seemed
（ ） 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.
A. has B. have
C. is having D. are having’
（ ） 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
（ ）7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has been D. have been
（ ）8. When ______ the United Nations founded?
A. is B. are C. was D. were
（ ）9. Every possible means _____ .
A. has tried B. has been tried
C. was tried D. were tried
（ ） 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.
A. was B. were C. has D. have
（ ）11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
（ ）12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
C. but my friends has D. but I have
（ ）13. No teacher and no student ______．
A. are admitted B. is admitted
C. are admitting D. is admitting
（ ）14. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
（ ）15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
（ ） 16. The writer and singer ______ here.
A. is B. are C. were D. do
（ ） 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
（ ） 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
（ ） 19. ―― ____ your clothes?
――No, mine _____ hanging over there.
A. Is it, is B. Are these, are
C. Is it, are D. Are these, is
（ ） 20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses.
A. were, were B. was, was
C. were, was D. was, were
（ ） 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.
A. are, are B. is, is
C. are, is D. is, are
（ ） 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
（ ） 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.
A. Each, are B. Both, is
C. Neither, are D. None, is
（ ） 24. ―― What do you think of the ______ of the coat?
―― It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.
A. value B. cost C. price D. use
（ ） 25. ―― Are the two answers correct?
―― No, ______ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not
C. neither is D. either is not
（ ） 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.
A. have been B. was
C. / D/ are
四.答案1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B
第2章 動詞的時態
一. 概念:
時態是英語謂語動詞的一種形式,表示動作發生的時間和所處的狀態.英語中的時態是通過動詞形式本身的變化來實現的.英語有16種時態,但中學階段較常用的有十種:一般現在時,一般過去時,一般將來時,過去將來時,現在進行時,過去進行時,將來進行時,過去完成時,英在完成時和現在完成進行時.
二.相關知識點精講
1.一般現在時的用法
1） 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點離開家。
2） 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉動。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。
4） 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯，講的可不行。
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現在時，用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。第二句中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現在時。
2. 一般過去時的用法
1）在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如：時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？
2）表示在過去一段時間內，經常性或習慣性的動作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個孩子的時候，常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那時，布朗一家無論什么時候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等，而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去，現已不復存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現在還活著）
Mrs. Darby lived
in
Mrs. Darby has
lived in
注意： 用過去時表示現在，表示委婉語氣。
1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2）情態動詞 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？
3.一般將來時
1） shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時常用于第二人稱。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎？
2） be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 計劃，安排要發生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。
4） be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for
注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
4. 一般現在時表將來
1）下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時候開？十分鐘后。
2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3）在時間或條件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比爾來后，讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫信給你。
4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前，務必把窗戶關了。
5. 用現在進行時表示將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現在進行時可以表示將來。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎？
6. 現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態，其結果的影響現在還存在；也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成：have （has） +過去分詞。
7. 比較一般過去時與現在完成時
1）一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。
2）一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時間狀語。
現在完成時的時間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時間狀語。
共同的時間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （強調看的動作發生過了）
I have seen this film. （強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （強調起床的動作已發生過了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強調有卷子未交，疑為不公平競爭）
He has been in the League for three years. （在團內的狀態可延續）
He has been a League member for three years. （是團員的狀態可持續）
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
8. 用于現在完成時的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容詞最高級+that…結構，that 從句要用現在完成時。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
9.過去完成時
1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時；發生在后，用一般過去時。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時，小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。
3） 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學過一些英語。
By the time he
was twelve,
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了，因為他到達晚會時，大部分客人已經走了。
10. 用一般過去時代替過去完成時
1） 兩個動作如按順序發生，又不強調先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。
2 ） 兩個動作相繼發生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。例如：
Our teacher told us that
11.將來完成時
1） 構成will have done
2） 概念
a. 狀態完成：表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時他們結婚將有二十年了。
b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前，已經完成的動作或獲得的經驗。例如：
You will
have reached
12現在進行時
現在進行時的基本用法：
a. 表示現在（指說話人說話時）正在發生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習慣進行：表示長期的或重復性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。（說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態。）
c. 表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
13. 過去進行時
1）概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。
2）過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景；一個長動作延續的時候，另一個短動作發生。
3） 常用的時間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時摔了下來，受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時，正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達山頂時，陽光燦爛。
14. 將來進行時
1） 概念：表示將來某時進行的狀態或動作，或按預測將來會發生的事情。例如：
She'll be coming soon. 她會很快來的。
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 將來我一定去見他。
注意：將來進行時不用于表示"意志"，不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的時間狀語有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此時，我正躺在海灘上呢。
15. 一般現在時代替一般將來時
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引導的時間狀語從句，條件句中，用一般現在時代替將來時。例如：
He is going to visit her aunt the day
he arrives in
16. 一般現在時代替一般過去時
1 ） "書上說"，"報紙上說"等。例如：
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 報紙上說明天會很冷的。
2） 敘述往事，使其生動。例如：
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破侖的軍隊正在向前挺進，大戰開始了
17. 一般現在時代替現在完成時
1） 有些動詞用一般現在時代替完成時，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：
I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我聽說了他將去倫敦。
I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2） 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如：
It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 從我們上次見面以來，五年過去了。
18. 一般現在時代替現在進行時。
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般現在時代替現在進行時。例如：
There goes the bell. 鈴響了。
19. 現在進行時代替將來時
1） 表示即將發生的或預定中計劃好的活動。例如：
Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我們一起度周末好嗎?
We are leaving soon. 我們馬上就走。
2） 漸變動詞，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬間動詞die等。例如：
He is dying. 他要死了。
20.時態一致
1） 如果從句所敘述的為真理或相對不變的事實，則用現在時。例如：
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那時，人們不知道地球是動的。
He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告訴我他十八歲了。
2） 賓語從句中的，助動詞ought, need, must, dare 的時態是不變的。例如：
He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他認為我不必告訴你真相。
三.鞏固練習:
1、I’ ll give the book to him as soon as he ________ back.
2、Has the baby ________ crying yet? (stop)
3、I don’ t know whether Mother __________ me to Beijing next
month.(take)
4、She _______ on her coat and went out. (put)
5、 “What are they doing?” “They __________ ready for the
sports meeting.” (get)
6、The boy asked his mother ________him go and play basketball.(let)
7、I’m sorry to keep you ____________ for a long time. (wait)
8、It ________ (take) him half an hour _______ (finish) his
homework yesterday.
9、If it ________ an interesting film, we’ll see it tomorrow. (be)
10、They usually ________ (do) their homework after supper.
11、Listen! Who _____________(sing) in the next room now?
12、__________(be) your parents in Shanghai last year?
13、Mr. Yu _____________(teach) us maths since 1982.
14、They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _________ (not rain)
tomorrow.
15、Li Ming often _________ (listen) to the radio in the morning.
16、A: “Father, may I go
out and play football?”
B: “_____you ____(do) your
homework?”
17、All the people in the town are glad ______(hear) that a famous musician
___ a concert this Saturday evening.( give)
18、Our teacher told us if it _____(not snow) we would visit the Science
Museum the next day.
19、They often _______ (play) football in the afternoon.
20、A: What’re you doing Dad? B: I _______ (mend) the
radio.
21、Let’s _______(carry) the boxes to the house.
22、Yesterday she ______ (want) very much to see the film, but
she couldn’t __(get) a ticket.
23、I _________(write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
24、Mike ___________(visit) several places since he came to Beijing.
25、He ___________ (write) four letters to his wife every month.
26、Don’ t make any noise, Grandma ___________ (sleep).
27、His aunt ___________ (do) some cooking when he came in .
28、When they ___________ (reach) the
station, the train had already left.
29、There ___________ (be) a meeting next
Monday.
30、We ___________ (know) each other since our boyhood..
31、Sometimes my father ___________ (come) back home late.
32、They ___________ (have) an English evening next week.
33、I’m very glad___________ (hear) that.
34、Wei Fang isn’t here. She ___________ (go) to the reading-room.
35、The story ___________ (happen) long ago.
36、They ___________ (visit) the History Museum last week.
37、Zhang Hong ___________ (make) many friends since she came to Paris.
38、She ___________ (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
39、Stay here, bag. Don’t go out. It ___________(rain) now.
40、Li Ping___________ (write) a composition every week.
41、The scientist ___________ (give) us a talk yesterday.
42、My parents ___________ (live) in Beijing since 1949.
43、Look! The young worker___________ (show) the students around the factory
now.
44、They ___________ (build) a new bridge over the river next year.
45、The students___________ (clean) their classroom tomorrow.
46、The windows of our lab ___________
(clean) once a week.
47、Our teacher ___________ (join) the
party twenty years ago.
48、The boys___________ (have) a
basketball match now. Let’s ___(go) and _____(watch).
49、She___________ (work) in this
factory for ten years.
50、 “What makes you ___________ (think)
I’m a farmer?” the Frenchman asked.
四.答案
1. comes
2. stopped
3. will take
4. put
5. are getting
6. to let
7. waiting
8. took … to finish
9. is
10. do
11. is singing
12. Was
13. has taught
14. doesn’t rain
15. listens
16. Have … done
17. to hear … will give
18. didn’t snow
19. play
20. am mending
21. carry
22. wanted , get
23. will write
24. has visited
25. writes
26. is sleeping
27. was doing
28. reached
29. will be
30. have known
31. comes
32. will have
33. to hear
34. has gone
35. happened
36. visited
37. has made
38. will go
39. is raining
40. writes
41. gave
42. have lived
43. is showing
44. will build
45. will clean
46. is cleaned
47. joined
48. are having, go … watch
49. has worked
think
第三章 動詞的語態
一.概念:
動詞的語態是動詞的一種形式,表示主語和謂語之間語法或語義的關系.英語的語態有兩種:主動語態和被動語態.主動語態用于主動句,表示主語是動作的執行者.被動語態用于被動句,表示主語是動作的承受者.主動語態的構成方式與動詞時態相同,而被動語態由 助動詞be+過去分詞 構成,有人稱,數,時態的變化.
二. 相關知識點精講
1. let 的用法
1）當let后只有一個單音節動詞，變被動語態時，可用不帶to 的不定式。例如：
They let the strange go.他們放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2）當let 后賓補較長時，let 通常不用被動語態，而用allow或permit 代替。例如：
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那護士讓我去探望住院的同學。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
2.短語動詞的被動語態
短語動詞是一個整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如：
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顧。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 這樣的事聞所未聞。
3. 表示"據說"或"相信" 的詞組，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等組成。例如：
It is said that… 據說
It is reported that… 據報道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 眾所周知
It is thought that… 大家認為
It is suggested that… 據建議
It is taken granted that… 被視為當然
It has been decided that… 大家決定
It must be remember that… 務必記住的是
4. 不用被動語態的情況
1） 不及物動詞或不及物動詞短語，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 結束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等沒有無被動語態。例如：
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火過后，我家燒得所剩無幾。
比較：rise, fall, happen是不及物動詞；raise, seat是及物動詞。
要想正確地使用被動語態，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學習過程中多留意積累。
2） 不能用于被動語態的及物動詞或動詞短語，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：
This key just fits the lock. 這把鑰匙只配這把鎖。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你說的與我們聽說的一致。
3） 系動詞無被動語態，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 聽上去不錯。
4） 帶同源賓語的及物動詞如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動語態。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了個惡夢。
5） 當賓語是不定式時，很少用于被動語態。例如：
（對） She likes to swim.
（錯） To swim is liked by her.
5. 主動形式表示被動意義
1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：
The book sells well. 這本書銷路好。
This knife cuts easily. 這刀子很好用。
2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：
I was to blame for the accident. 事故發生了，我該受指責。
Much work remains. 還有許多活要干。
3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容詞）, deserve后的動名詞必須用主動形式。例如：
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 門該修了。
This book is worth reading. 這本書值得一讀。
4）特殊結構：make sb. heard / understood （使別人能聽見/理解自己）等。例如：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解釋清楚些，讓別人理解你的話。
6. 被動形式表示主動意義，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如：
He is graduated from a famous university. 他畢業于一所有名的大學。
注意：表示同某人結婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：
He married a rich girl. 他與一個富妞結婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
7.need/want/require/worth
當 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing時，表示的是被動意義。例如：
Your hair wants cutting. 你的頭發該理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要沖洗。
三.鞏固練習
1. I___________ (teach) here for ten years since I finished school.
2. Would you mind me __________ (use) your bike?
3. The students of Class Two___________ (sweep) their classroom now.
4. The Whites____________ (not listen) to the radio at that time.
5. It's better to give than__________ (receive).
6. How long ______you_______ (live) in this town?
7. You _______ (come) here last year, ______ you?
8. ----When ______ you______ (see) him?
----I______ (see) him last Sunday.
9. She said that the car___________ (use) the next week.
10. I didn't know what __________ (happen) to
11. When I got to the station, the train ____ already ______ (leave).
12. The stone bridge______________ (build) in our hometown for ten years.
13. The desk must ______ (clean) once a day.
14. The dog _________ (lie) on the floor when I came in..
15. It _________(rain) heavily when I got home.
16. Her mother____________ (cook) at this time yesterday.
17. The students _____________ (do) their homework. __________ (not make) any noise!
18. ----______ you ever_______ (be) to
19. He'll telephone us as soon as he _________ (arrive) there.
20. Jiefang trucks____________ (make) in
21. A pen is used for__________ (write).
22. All that must ________ (do).
23 .My friend can't decide which pair of trousers____________ (choose). So she asked me to go shopping with her.
24. They find it useful__________ (learn) English.
25. The old man often_________ (tell) the children a story in the evening. This evening he ________ (tell) two stories.
26. The radio__________ (use) once in a week in our class. It____________ (not use) yesterday because there was something wrong with it.
27. Would please tell us how___________ (make) the watch ________ (work)?
28. She doesn't know what_________ (do) and where__________ (go).
四.答案
1. have taught
2. using
3. are sweeping
4. weren’t listening
5. to receive
6. have … lived
7. came … didn’t
8. did … see, saw
9. would be used
10. would happen
11. had … left
12. have been built
13. be cleaned
14. was lying
15. was raining
16. was cooking
17. are doing, Don’t make
18. have … beeen, went
19. arrives
20. are made
21. writing
22. be done
23. to choose
24. to learn
25. tells, will tell
第四章 動詞的語氣
一.概念
語氣有三種:陳述語氣,祈使語氣和虛擬語氣.語氣表示說話人對勸詞所示示的動作或所處的狀態持有的態度或看法.
二.相關知識點精講
1.辨別if 引導真實條件句和if引導的虛擬條件句的區別
If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.
If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.
2.虛擬條件句中主句和從句的謂與動詞構成形式如下表
if條件句中的謂與動詞
主句的謂與動詞
與現在的事實相反
1. 行為動詞用did 形式
2. be動詞用were
should
would
could + 動詞原形
might
與過去的事實相反
had + done
should
would
could + have + done
might
與將來的事實相反
1. 行為動詞用did
2. should + 動詞原形
3. were to + 動詞原形
should
would
could + 動詞原形
might
3.混合時間的虛擬語氣
如果條件句中的動作和主句的動作不是同時發生，主句和從句的謂語動詞的形式應分別根據各自所表示的時間加以調整。
1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.
2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.
3)If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.
4)If
4.should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“過去本應該/可以做而實際上卻沒做”
needn’t have done 表示“過去沒必要作而實際上做了”
5.虛擬語氣中的倒裝句
如果虛擬語氣的條件從句謂語動詞中含有were, had, could, should，有時可將if省去，而將條件從句的主語置于were, had, should, could 之后。
Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.
Were I you, I would do more practice after class.
Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
6.wish 后面的賓語從句的謂語動詞應使用虛擬語氣， 表示“可惜…；….就好了； 悔不該…； 但愿…。”
主句謂語
從句謂語
wish
時態
謂語動詞的形式
現在時
表示與wish同時發生
動詞用過去時
be動詞用were
過去時
表示在wish之前發生的動作
動詞用had done
be用had been
將來時
表示在wish之后發生的動作
動詞用would do; should do
be 用 would be ; should be
1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.
2)I wish I were ten years younger.
3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.
4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.
5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.
7.表示命令或建議動詞suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的賓語從句中應使用虛擬 should +動詞原形； should 不可用would 來替代; 主句所使用的動詞時態不限。
8.suggest 為“建議去做…; 命令…”從句用should + do
為“ 說明； 暗示”, 從句用過去時或過去完成時。
1) The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.
2) The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
9.insist “堅持要去做…，堅持應該去做”，從句用should + do為“堅持表明，堅持說/解釋”， 從句用過去時或過去完成時。
10.虛擬語氣也用于表語從句和主語從句中，表示間接的命令、要求、請求、建議、決定等，主句的主語通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表語從句中的謂語動詞是should +動詞原型，should 可以省略。
11.在主語從句中，當從句用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜等，從句的謂語動詞用需擬語氣形式。其謂語動詞時should + 動詞原型， 或should 省略。
三.鞏固練習
1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _________ much easier.
A. will be B. would have been
C. could have been D. would be
2. If I _____ you, I’d join the army.
A. am B. was C. were D. would be
3. If he _______ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office.
A. comes B. will come C. should come D. come
4. If it _______ next week , the crops would be saved.
A. rains B. will rains C. would rain D. should rain
5. If I _______ it, I would do it in a different way.
A. were to do B. do C. had done D. was to do
6. Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would you go ?
A. is B. will be C. were D. be
7. If he had worked harder, he _________.
A. would succeed B. had succeeded
C. should succeed D. would have succeeded
8. If he ________, he _________ that food.
A. was warned; would not take
B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken
D. would have been warned; had not taken
9. If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday, he _______ me from going.
A. had been; would have prevented
B. had been; would prevent
C. were; would prevent
D. were; would have prevented
10. If he ______ it, he _______ it.
A. had seen; could have believed B. saw; couldn’t believe
C. saw; couldn’t have believed D. has seen; had believed
11. ―Do you think the thief entered through the window?
―No, if he had, I don’t believe, _______ broken the living-room’s window.
A. he would have B. he must have
C. he had D. should he have
12. ―Did you go swimming last Sunday?
―No. We would have gone ______ nicer.
A. if the weather was
B. would the weather have been
C. had the weather been
D. should the weather be
13. ______ it ______ for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress.
A. Had; not been B. Should; not been
C. Did; not been D. Not; been
14. _______ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would have left B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
15. It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river.
A. should be built B. would built
C. will be built D. built
四.答案
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.A
第5章 助動詞
一.概念:
助動詞是幫助主要動詞構成各種時態,語態,語氣以及否定或疑問結構的動詞.助動詞分為時態助動詞和結構助動詞兩種.
二.相關知識點精講:
1. 助動詞be的用法
1） be +現在分詞，構成進行時態。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語現在越來越重要。
2） be + 過去分詞，構成被動語態。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語。
3） be + 動詞不定式，可表示下列內容：
a. 表示最近、未來的計劃或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我們要教新生。
說明： 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時態表達法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 對此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。
c. 征求意見。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復他？
Who is to go there? 誰該去那兒呢？
d. 表示相約、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點在校門口集合。
2. 助動詞have的用法
1）have +過去分詞，構成完成時態。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未為止，他們已經完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +現在分詞，構成完成進行時。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在學英語，已達十年之久。
3）have +been +過去分詞，構成完成式被動語態。例如：
English has been
taught in
3.助動詞do 的用法
1）構成一般疑問句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學英語測試嗎？
Did you study German? 你們學過德語嗎？
2）do + not 構成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想學習。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
過去，好多學生不知道英語的重要性。
3） 構成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。
說明： 構成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在動詞原形前，加強該動詞的語氣。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定來參加我的生日宴會。
I did go there. 我確實去那兒了。
I do miss you. 我確實想你。
5）用于倒裝句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽說過這樣的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 進了大學以后，我們才認識到英語的重要性。
說明： 引導此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6）用作代動詞。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜歡。（
說明：在過去的語法中，語法學家說shall用于第一人稱，will 只用于第二、第三人稱。現在，尤其是在口語中，will常用于第一人稱，但shall只用于第一人稱，如用于第二、第三人稱，就失去助動詞的意義，已變為情態動詞，試比較:
5.助動詞should, would的用法
1）should無詞義，只是shall的過去形式，與動詞原形構成過去將來時，只用于第一人稱。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天給他打電話，問他我下周干什么。
比較："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么？"我問道。
可以說，shall變成間接引語時，變成了should。
2） would也無詞義，是will的過去形式，與動詞原形構成過去將來時，用于第二、第三人稱。例如：
He said he would come. 他說他要來。
比較："I will go," he said. 他說："我要去那兒。"變成間接引語，就成了He said he would come。原來的will變成would，go變成了come.。
6. 短語動詞
動詞加小品構成的起動詞作用的短語叫短語動詞。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音機關上。（turn off是短語動詞）
短語動詞的構成基本有下列幾種：
1）動詞+副詞，如：black out；
2）動詞+介詞，如：look into；
3）動詞+副詞+介詞，如：look forward to。構成短語動詞的副詞和介詞都統稱為小品詞
三.鞏固練習
四.答案
1．can
1)表能力
can表能力時意味著憑體力或腦力或技術等可以無甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬這根桿子。
He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4歲，但已認得字了。
Fire can’t destroy gold. 火燒不毀金子。
因為can不能和其他助動詞連用，所以表示將來式時用will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.
你練習兩三次后就會溜冰了。
2)表可能性
多用于否定與疑問結構中，但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true? 這消息可能是真的嗎？
It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思？
can 用在肯定句中表示理論上的可能性（一時的可能）。
A horse in the
center of
Attending the ball can be very exciting.
The road can be blocked. 這條路可能會不通的。
may 在肯定句中表示現實的可能性。
The road may be blocked. 這條路可能不通了。
3)表示允許（和may意思相近）常見于口語。
Can (May) I come in ? 我能進來嗎？
Can I smoke here ? 我可以在這里抽煙嗎？
2.could的用法
1)表過去的可能和許可，（多用于間接引語中）
At that time we thought the story could not be true.
那時我們認為所說的事不可能是真的。
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸說我可以在河里游泳。
2)表過去的能力
I could swim when I was only six.
我剛六歲就能游泳。
Could在肯定句中表示過去的能力時，常表抽象的一般的能力。
He could be very naughty when he was a child.
他小時候會是很頑皮的。
3)表“允許”。可表示委婉客氣的提出問題或陳述看法
Could I use your bike?
Yes, you can.
他會記得那時嗎?
I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today.
恐怕我今天不能回答你。
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.
老師說你可以去商店買糖。
3)Could/can+have done 結構表示對過去發生的事情的“懷疑”或“不肯定”。 could 加完成式還用于肯定句時一般表過去可能完成而卻未完成的動作。
Can they have won the basketball match？
他們贏了那場籃球賽嗎？
What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.
你剛剛所談到的可能令他很傷心。
You could have completed the task a little earlier.
你本來能早點完成任務的。（但事實上并沒有提前完成任務）
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本可以輕易通過考試，但我犯了太多不該犯的錯誤。
如表具體做某一件事的能力時，則須用 be able to .
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.
他可以不用詞典翻譯那篇文章。
Can表示一貫的能力 ，be able to表示客觀能力和通過努力可以達到的能力
I can’t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.
The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out
When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
3.may 的用法
1)表示請求、可以、允許。
You may drive the tractor. 你可以開那臺拖拉機。
2)當回答由may 引起的問題時，否定答語要用must not,表示“不許可”、“不應該”、“不行”。
May I come in?
Yes, you may.
No,you can’t
No, you may not .
No ,you mustn’t
No ,you’d better not.
3) may /might 推測性用法 可能
He may be right.
He may not come today (可能不)
He may /might come tomorrow.
, 注意: 1只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑問句中。
2 might 比may可能性更小
He might get a job.
He may get a job.
3 may no 可能不 can not不可能
He may not come
He can’t come
3)表建議（可和as well 連用）
You may（might）as well stay where you are.
你還是原地待著好。（may as well 有“還是……的好”的含義）
4)表祝愿
May you be happy!
might
1)表過去的“可能”和“允許”多用于間接引語。
She said that he might take her dictionary.
她說他可以拿她的詞典去用。
除在間接引語中外，might一般不表示過去的“可能”與“許可”。表過去的“可能”可用could，表過去的“許可”可用were (was) allowed to。
2)表現在的“可能”，其可能性要比may小。
Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.
電熨斗會有危險，它可能電著人。
3)may (might) + have +done 表示對過去發生行為的推測，含有“想必”、“也許是”的意思。
It may have been true. 這事也許是真的。
He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解決那個問題。
4.must 的主要用法。
1)表示必須、必要
We must do everything step by step .我們必須按部就班地做一切事情。
Why must you always bother me? 為什么你偏要打擾我呢。
2)must be + 表語的結構，通常表示猜測，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）
He must be an honest boy. 他一定是個誠實的男孩。
This must be your room. 這一定是你的房間。
3)must 的否定式有兩個：當回答由must引起的問題時，否定答復要用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”、“無須”、“用不著”、“不一定”的意義。當表示“不應該”、“不許可”、“禁止”時，就用must not。
Must I go tomorrow?明天我必須去嗎？
Yes, please.是的，請吧！
No , you needn’t. 不，你不必去。
4)must +have +過去分詞的結構，常用在肯定句中，表示對過去發生行為的推測，含有“一定”、“準是”的意思。否定和疑問句用can。
She must have studied English before.她以前一定學過英語。
5.have to的含義與must是很接近的,只是have to 比較強調客觀需要，must著重說明主觀看法。
I must clean the room.（主觀想法）
I have to clean the room.（客觀需要）
另外，have to 能用于更多時態：
We had to be there at ten .我們得在十點鐘到那里。
We will have to reconsider the whole thing.
這一切我們將不得不重新加以考慮。
have to 的否定式：don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。
6.ought to 的用法
Ought to 后接動詞原形，表義務，但不及must 那樣具有信心，如：
You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.
你氣色不好，應該去看病。
Ought to 用于否定句，其否定形式可縮略為oughtn’t ，如：
You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不應該抽這么多煙。
也可以用于疑問句，如：
Ought you to smoke so much?你應該抽這樣多煙嗎？
Ought to 在間接引語中表過去時形式不變，如：
He said you ought to tell the police.
他說你應該去報告警察。
7.shall的用法
1)用于第一人稱征求對方的意見，如：
What shall I wear on the journey? 我路上穿什么好呢？
Shall we dance? 我們跳舞好嗎？
She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。
You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以將它拿回。
情態動詞should一般不應被認為是情態動詞shall的過去式，主要用法有：
1)用于第一人稱疑問句中詢問對方的意愿，但語氣較委婉溫和，如：
What should we do now? 我們現在該怎么辦？
2)表示應該、必須，常與must 換用。例如：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
我們應當至少掌握一門外語。
3)“should+be+表語”的結構，表示推測或驚奇。例如：
They should be back by now. 他們現在應該回來了吧。
I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遺憾她竟會那樣粗心。
4)“should+have+過去分詞”的結構，表示過去該做而實際上尚未做的動作或行為；其否定則表示發生了不應該發生的行為。其同義結構“ought to have +過去分詞”,表示過去“早應該”、“本當”之意，語氣較強。例如：
I should have thought of that. 這一點我是應當想到的。（但沒想到）
They should not have left so soon.他們不應當走得這么早。（但已走了）
5) 在“It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that……”句型中，主語從句中的謂語動詞要用should +動詞原形”表示“理所當然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“驚異”等的意思。在lest（以免）、for fear (that) (以防)、in case（以備萬一）等之后也要用should+動詞原形;在advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的從句中should+do”例如：
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once.
有必要馬上派他到那里去。
It is strange that he should say so. 他會說這樣的話真是奇怪。
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.
我們馬上走吧，以免趕不上火車。
2)shall 用于第二、三人稱時表允諾，警告，命令，威脅（現已少見），如：
8..will和would的用法
1）表示意志，決心或愿望。例如：
Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
我們一定要支持全世界人民爭取和平的斗爭。
He would not let me try it . 他不肯讓我去試。
2）will表示經常性、習慣性、傾向性，would表示過去的習慣行為。
He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
他會經常一連幾個小時坐在那兒觀看來往的車輛。
He would come
to see me when he was in
他在北京時，常來看望我。
3）用于第二人稱作主語的疑問句中，表示對對方的請求，would的語氣比will委碗
Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station? 請問到火車站怎么走？
4）表可能性
This will be the book you are looking for.
這可能就是你要找的書。
She eould be about 60 when she died.
他死時大概60歲。
9. need和dare的用法
情態動詞need 實義動詞 need
現 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do
在
時 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do
過 You needed (didn’t need) to do
去
時 He needed (didn’t need) to do
將 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do
來
時 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型 時態 動詞
情態動詞dare 實義動詞 dare
肯定句 現在時 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do
過去時 dare to 少用 dared to do
否定句 現在時 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
過去時 dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑問句 現在時 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?
過去時 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do
needn’t have v-ed 表示過去做了某事，但沒有做的必要， 意為“本沒必要…”。例如：
You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today
10.表推測的情態動詞句子的反意疑問句
He must/may be in the room, isn’t he?
He can’t be in the room, is he？
He must have finished the work, hasn’t he?
He may have done the work last night, didn’t he?
：情態動詞+行為動詞進行式
情態動詞+行為動詞進行式（即情態動詞+ be + v-ing形式），表示推測或評論某動作現在是否正在進行。例如：
1）He must be playing basketball in the room.
2）She may be staying at home.
11.情態動詞+行為動詞完成進行式
情態動詞+行為動詞完成進行式（即情態動詞+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推測或評論過去某動作是否正在進行或一直在進行。例如：
1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2）He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
12.used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v
（1）used to +v意為“過去常常”，“過去一直”；be used to +v-ing / n（名詞）意為“習慣于”；be used to +v意為“被用來（做某事）”。
（2）used to只表示過去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示現在、過去或將來。例如：
1）He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.
2）He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.
3）The knife is used to cut bread.
13．用作情態動詞的其他短語
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情態動詞。例如：
1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
3）I’d rather walk than take a bus.
4）If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注：這些短語后一般直接跟動詞原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引導的從句，that 常省去，從句要用虛擬語氣。對現在和將來的假設用過去時，對過去的假設用過去完成時。例如：
1）I would rather you came on Sunday.
2）I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.
三. 鞏固練習:
1. _____ you ready?
(A) Are (B) Have (C) Will (D) Can
2. ____ here early?
(A) Will he (B) Was he (C) Did he be (D) Were he
3. I ___ happy about the price of eggs.
(A) am't (B) am not (C) do not (D) won’t
4. Since last year I____ him only once.
(A) have seen (B) have been seeing (C) see (D) was seeing
5. Donald ___ sixteen tomorrow.
(A) is being (B) going to be (C) shall be (D) will be
6. I ___ the story at all.
(A) don't like (B) like (C) am fond of (D) would like
7. I would rather ___ than play now.
(A) to study (B)am studying (C) study (D) studied
8. I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being.
(A) do (B) didn't do (C) don't (D) didn't
9. The car___much money.
(A) not cost (B) not have cost (C) isn't cost (D) didn't cost
10. I ___ like to eat fish.
(A) am (B) have (C) do (D) be
11. ___ repeat the question?
(A) Shall I (B) Will I (C)Would you like that I (D) Do you want that I
12. My teacher knows more than ___.
(A) my
uncle knows (B) my uncle does
(C) they know (D)they don't
know
13. He___to meet us at the station, but didn't see us.
(A) did go (B) did went (C) goes (D) had
14. Not only ____us light.
(A) does
the sun give (B) the sun gives
(C) gives the sun (D) the sun does give
15. ____ you tell me what has happened?
(A) May (B) Must (C) Can (D) Could
16. Anne___tomorrow.
(A) can sing (B) can to sing (C) is going sing (D) going to sing
17. You___hand it in at once, you may hand it in tomorrow.
(A) needn't (B) may not (C) can't (D) must not
18. Tell the boy that he ___ in the river.
(A) swims (B) swim (C) swimming (D) to swim
19. Joan___play on Saturday.
(A) going to (B) can (C) is going (D) can to
20. Susan and I can go to the lecture ___.
(A) but neither can Charles (B) and so Charies can
(C) but Charles can't (D) and Charles also can
四.答案
1. (A) 2, (B) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5, (D) 6, (A) 7. (C) 8. (B) 9. (9) 10, (C)
11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (D) 16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20, (C)
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