第六單元 碳和碳的氧化物
課題1 金剛石、石墨和C60
教學(xué)目的；1：了解金剛石、石墨、C60的物理性質(zhì)，并聯(lián)系性質(zhì)了解它們的主要用途。通過單質(zhì)的性質(zhì)學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察能力和思維能力。思想教育：通過對(duì)金剛石、石墨和C60的學(xué)習(xí)，對(duì)學(xué)生 進(jìn)行共性、個(gè)性關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)人和學(xué)習(xí)方法的培養(yǎng)與教育。
2：使學(xué)生初步掌握碳的化學(xué)性質(zhì)――穩(wěn)定性、可燃性、還原性。進(jìn)一步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察能力和思維能力。思想教育：通過碳與氧在不同條件下反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)物不同，滲透物質(zhì)所發(fā)生的化學(xué)反應(yīng)既決定于物質(zhì)本身的性質(zhì)，又決定于反應(yīng)條件的學(xué)習(xí)方法的指導(dǎo)。
重點(diǎn)： 金剛石、石墨和C60的重要物性和用途；金剛石和石墨物性差異很大的原因。碳的化學(xué)性質(zhì)---穩(wěn)定性、可燃性、還原性
難點(diǎn)：金剛石、石墨和C60的重要物性，碳的化學(xué)性質(zhì)---穩(wěn)定性、可燃性、還原性
教學(xué)過程：
[提問] 我們都見過晶瑩璀燦的金剛石，也經(jīng)常使用鉛筆、碳棒，冬日里還可用木炭取暖，可你們知道它們各是由什么成份組成的？它們有什么聯(lián)系嗎？
[講解] 鉛筆芯、碳棒的主要成份是石墨，金剛石、石墨、木炭，還有活性炭、焦炭等都是由碳元素組成的不同單質(zhì)。這節(jié)課主要學(xué)習(xí)金剛石、石墨及木炭的物理性質(zhì)和用途。
[閱讀] 課本金剛石和石墨的物理性質(zhì)。
大同市2009屆上期高三調(diào)研測(cè)試
物理試卷
(本試卷滿分100分�？荚嚂r(shí)間90分鐘)
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image002.jpg)
第Ⅰ卷(選擇題共40分)
選擇題(本題共10小題。每小題4分。共40分。在每小題給出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中。有的小題
只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)正確，有的小題有多個(gè)選項(xiàng)正確。全部選對(duì)的得4分。選不全的得2分。有選
錯(cuò)的或不答的得0分。將正確選項(xiàng)的符號(hào)填在下表對(duì)應(yīng)題號(hào)的答案欄內(nèi))
題號(hào)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
答案
1、以下說法正確的是
A．隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，物體的溫度可以降為絕對(duì)零度
B．分子間距離越大，分子力越小，分子勢(shì)能越大
C．布朗運(yùn)動(dòng)的無規(guī)則性反映了微粒內(nèi)部分子運(yùn)動(dòng)的無規(guī)則性
D．對(duì)于一定量的氣體，當(dāng)分子熱運(yùn)動(dòng)變劇烈時(shí)，壓強(qiáng)可以不變
2、如圖所示，一束單色光沿半圓柱形玻璃磚的半徑垂直ab面入射，有光線從ab面射出。
以O(shè)點(diǎn)為圓心，將玻璃磚緩慢轉(zhuǎn)過研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image004.gif)
角時(shí)，恰好沒有光線從ab面射出。則該玻璃磚的
折射研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image006.jpg)
率為
A．研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image008.gif)
B．研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image010.gif)
C．研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image012.gif)
D．研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image014.gif)
物理試卷共6頁 第1頁
3、2006年美國和俄羅斯的科學(xué)家利用回旋加速器，通過(鈣48)轟擊(锎249)發(fā)生核反應(yīng)，
成功合成了第118號(hào)元素，這是迄今為止門捷列夫周期表中原子序數(shù)最大的元素，實(shí)驗(yàn)
表明，該元素的原子核先放出3個(gè)相同的粒子研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image016.gif)
，再連續(xù)經(jīng)過3次研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image018.gif)
衰變后，變成質(zhì)量
數(shù)為282的第112號(hào)元素的原子核，則上述過程中的粒子是
A．質(zhì)子 B．中子 C．電子 D．粒子
4、在如圖所示的電場(chǎng)中，電子只在電場(chǎng)力作用下沿著電場(chǎng)線從M點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)到N點(diǎn)過程中，
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image021.jpg)
以下說法正確的是
A．電子的速度減小
B．電子的加速度減小
C．電子的動(dòng)能減小
D．電子的電勢(shì)能減小
5、一列簡諧橫波沿軸正向傳播，在軸上有相距
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image024.jpg)
它們的振動(dòng)圖象分別為圖中的實(shí)線和虛線所示
A．各質(zhì)點(diǎn)的振動(dòng)頻率均為25Hz
B．該波的波速為lm／s
C．該波的波長為
D．各質(zhì)點(diǎn)的振幅均為
6、如圖所示，物體在粗糙的水平面上向右做直線運(yùn)動(dòng)，從點(diǎn)開始受到一個(gè)水平向左的恒
力F的作用，經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間后又回到點(diǎn)，則物體在這一往返運(yùn)動(dòng)的過程中，下列說法
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image028.jpg)
中正確的是
A．恒力F對(duì)物體做的功為零
B．摩擦力對(duì)物體做的功為零
C．恒力F的沖量為零
D．摩擦力的沖量為零
物理試卷共6頁 第2頁
7、下列有關(guān)光現(xiàn)象的說法正確的是
A．在光的雙縫干涉實(shí)驗(yàn)中，若僅將入射光由紫光改為紅光，則條紋間距一定變大
B．在光的雙縫干涉實(shí)驗(yàn)中用紫光作為光源，遮住其中一條狹縫，屏上將呈現(xiàn)間距不等
的條紋
C．紫光照射某金屬時(shí)有電子向外發(fā)射，紅光照射該金屬時(shí)也一定有電子向外發(fā)射
D．拍攝玻璃窗內(nèi)的物品時(shí)，往往在鏡頭前加裝一個(gè)偏振片以增加透射光的強(qiáng)度
8、我國探月的“嫦娥工程”已啟動(dòng)，在不久的將來，我國宇航員將登上月球。若某位宇航
員隨登月飛船登陸月球后，在月球某水平表面上方h高處以速度v0水平拋出一個(gè)小球，
小球落回到月球表面的水平距離為s，將月球視為密度均勻、半徑為r的球體，則月球的
密度為
A．研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image030.gif)
B．研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image032.gif)
C． 研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image034.gif)
D．研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image036.gif)
9、在垂直于紙面的勻強(qiáng)磁場(chǎng)中，有一原來靜止的原子核，該核衰變后，放出的帶電粒子和
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image038.jpg)
反沖核在磁場(chǎng)中的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡如圖中的a、b所示，由圖可以判斷
A．該核發(fā)生的是n衰變
B．該核發(fā)生的是B衰變
C．磁場(chǎng)方向一定是垂直紙面向里
D．磁場(chǎng)方向一定是垂直紙面向外
10、在豎直方向的勻強(qiáng)磁場(chǎng)中，水平放置一個(gè)面積不變的單匝金屬圓線圈，規(guī)定線圈中感應(yīng)
電流的正方向如圖甲所示，取線圈中磁場(chǎng)曰的方向向上為正，當(dāng)磁場(chǎng)中的磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度B
隨時(shí)間t如圖乙變化時(shí)，圖丙中能正確表示線圈中感應(yīng)電流變化的是
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image040.jpg)
物理試卷共6頁 第3頁
第Ⅱ卷(非選擇題共60分)
本卷共5小題
11、(12分)
I．圖甲是一位同學(xué)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中拍攝的小球做平拋運(yùn)動(dòng)的頻閃照片的一部分，由于疏忽，照
相時(shí)沒有擺上背景方格板，圖中方格是后來用尺子在相片上畫的(圖中格子的豎直線是實(shí)
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image042.jpg)
驗(yàn)中重垂線的方向)，每小格的邊長均為
個(gè)三角板對(duì)小球的直徑進(jìn)行了測(cè)量，如圖乙所示
(取重力加速度g=
(1)小球直徑是 mm；
(2)照相時(shí)閃光頻率為 Hz；
(3)小球做平拋運(yùn)動(dòng)的初速度為 m／s。
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image044.jpg)
Ⅱ．已知某電流表的滿偏電流為10mA，內(nèi)阻為8Ω。
現(xiàn)要將此電流表與一電阻箱R連接后改裝成一
個(gè)量程為6．0V的電壓表，并將組成的電壓表與
一個(gè)電源E、電阻R0、開S構(gòu)成回路，用它測(cè)
量R0兩端的電壓。
(1)試在實(shí)物圖中畫出連線完成電路連接；
(2)改裝的電壓表中電阻箱的取值為 Ω。
12、(10分)如圖所示，平板車B的質(zhì)量M為3．
向右運(yùn)動(dòng)。質(zhì)量m為1．
擦因數(shù)為0．25。g取l
(1)如果平板車足夠長，那么平板車最終速度多大?物體A在車上滑動(dòng)的時(shí)間是多少?
(2)要使物體A不從車上掉下，車至少要有多長?
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image046.jpg)
物理試卷共6頁 第4頁
13、(10分)如圖，寬度為研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image048.gif)
=0．
其大小E=2×108N／C，B=10T。一帶正電的粒子以某一初速度由M點(diǎn)垂直電場(chǎng)和磁
場(chǎng)方向射入，沿直線運(yùn)動(dòng)，從N點(diǎn)離開；若只撤去磁場(chǎng)，則粒子從P點(diǎn)射出且速度方
向發(fā)生了45°的偏轉(zhuǎn)。不計(jì)粒子的重力。求粒子的電荷量與質(zhì)量之比研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image050.gif)
。
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image052.jpg)
14、(14分)消防隊(duì)員在高樓進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練，他要從距地面高h(yuǎn)=34．
豎直懸掛的繩子滑下，在下滑過程中，他先勻加速下滑，此時(shí)手腳對(duì)懸繩的壓力FN1=，
640N，緊接著再勻減速下滑，此時(shí)手腳對(duì)懸繩的壓力FN2=2080N，滑至地面時(shí)速度為
安全速度 v=
u=0．5，g=
(1)消防隊(duì)員分別在加速下滑、減速下滑兩過程中的加速度大��；
(2)消防隊(duì)員沿繩滑至地面所用的總時(shí)間t。
物理試卷共6頁 第5頁
15、(14分)如圖所示，兩根足夠長的直金屬導(dǎo)軌MN、PQ平行放置在傾角為的絕緣斜面
上，兩導(dǎo)軌間距為L。M、P兩點(diǎn)間接有阻值為R的電阻。一根質(zhì)量為m的均勻直金屬
桿ab放在兩導(dǎo)軌上，并與導(dǎo)軌垂直。整套裝置處于勻強(qiáng)磁場(chǎng)中，磁場(chǎng)方向垂直于斜面
向上。導(dǎo)軌和金屬桿的電阻可忽略。讓金屬桿ab沿導(dǎo)軌由靜止開始下滑，經(jīng)過足夠長
的 時(shí)間后，金屬桿達(dá)到最大速度vm，在這個(gè)過程中，電阻R上產(chǎn)生的熱量為Q。導(dǎo)軌
和金屬桿接觸良好，它們之間的動(dòng)摩擦因數(shù)為u，u<tan。已知重力加速度為g。
(1)求磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度的大小；
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image056.jpg)
(2)求金屬桿從靜止開始至達(dá)到最大速度的過程中下降的高度。
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image058.jpg)
研測(cè)試物理試卷.files/image060.jpg)
第五單元 化學(xué)方程式
課題1 質(zhì)量守恒定律
教學(xué)目標(biāo)：
1、 識(shí)記：質(zhì)量守衡定律
2、 理解：從微觀角度認(rèn)識(shí)質(zhì)量守衡定律
3：能用微粒的觀點(diǎn)說明質(zhì)量守恒的本質(zhì)原因，能用質(zhì)量守恒定律解釋常見化學(xué)反應(yīng)中質(zhì)量關(guān)系。認(rèn)識(shí)定量研究對(duì)化學(xué)科學(xué)發(fā)展的意義。
4：通過具體化學(xué)反應(yīng)分析，使學(xué)生理解化學(xué)方程式的涵義。
重點(diǎn)：質(zhì)量守恒定律的涵義及應(yīng)用，正確書寫化學(xué)方程式。
難點(diǎn)：質(zhì)量守恒定律的理解及應(yīng)用，正確書寫化學(xué)方程式。
教學(xué)過程：
本單元內(nèi)容分為兩部分，第一部分“質(zhì)量守恒定律”從量的方面去研究化學(xué)反應(yīng)的客觀規(guī)律，為化學(xué)方程式的教學(xué)作好理論準(zhǔn)備，這是學(xué)好本單元內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)。第二部分“化學(xué)方程式”講了書寫化學(xué)方程式的原則、方法和步驟，說明化學(xué)方程式表示的意義，這是本單元的中心。
一：質(zhì)量守定律
展示化學(xué)反應(yīng)實(shí)例為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)情境。引出化學(xué)反應(yīng)前后物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量總和有何變化。
教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生回答怎樣設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)來檢驗(yàn)自己的猜想。
教師演示實(shí)驗(yàn)：白磷燃燒設(shè)疑：（1）觀察到哪些現(xiàn)象？
（2）分析結(jié)果思考：反應(yīng)中玻璃管上端沒有系小氣球，將會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么結(jié)果？
指導(dǎo)學(xué)生動(dòng)手實(shí)驗(yàn)，并設(shè)疑：反應(yīng)前后物質(zhì)總質(zhì)量有何關(guān)系？通過實(shí)驗(yàn)分析得出結(jié)論。（1）觀察到哪些現(xiàn)象？
（2）記錄反應(yīng)前后物質(zhì)總質(zhì)量；
（3）分析結(jié)果。指導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析討論：以碳在氧氣中燃燒生成二氧化碳為例，從化學(xué)反應(yīng)中分子、原子的變化情況說明化學(xué)反應(yīng)必定符合質(zhì)量守恒定律。教師通過微觀模擬講解化學(xué)反應(yīng)前后原子的種類、數(shù)目、都沒有變化。
分組學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)：
1、鐵釘與硫酸銅溶液反應(yīng)；
2、蠟燭燃燒
根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析化學(xué)反應(yīng)前后物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量總和相等
講解化學(xué)方程式的書寫方法及化學(xué)議程式所表明的涵義指導(dǎo)學(xué)生討論：下列反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式能提供給你哪些信
根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析化學(xué)反應(yīng)前后物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量總和相等
實(shí)驗(yàn)方案
實(shí)驗(yàn)方案1
實(shí)驗(yàn)方案2
實(shí)驗(yàn)
反應(yīng)前總質(zhì)量
反應(yīng)后總質(zhì)量
分析
學(xué)生討論得出結(jié)論：化學(xué)反應(yīng)前后原子的種類沒有改變，數(shù)目沒有增減，質(zhì)量也沒有改變。
教材在從實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果歸納出質(zhì)量守恒定律后，接著就提出“為什么物質(zhì)在發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)前后，各物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量總和相等呢？”提出這個(gè)問題的目的，在于要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從化學(xué)反應(yīng)的實(shí)質(zhì)上去認(rèn)識(shí)質(zhì)量守恒定律。在化學(xué)反應(yīng)中，只是由于發(fā)生了原子間的重新組合，才使反應(yīng)物變成生成物，但在這一變化中，原子的種類和個(gè)數(shù)并沒有發(fā)生變化，原子的質(zhì)量也沒有發(fā)生變化，所以，反應(yīng)前和反應(yīng)后各物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量總和必然相等。應(yīng)該注意，對(duì)質(zhì)量守恒定律的本質(zhì)分析，要明確落到化學(xué)反應(yīng)前后原子的種類和個(gè)數(shù)保持不變這一關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)上，這不僅有利于理解質(zhì)量守恒定律的本質(zhì)，而且為學(xué)習(xí)化學(xué)方程式準(zhǔn)備了基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
【小結(jié)板書】參加化學(xué)反應(yīng)的各物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量總和等于反應(yīng)后生成的各物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量總和，這個(gè)規(guī)律叫做質(zhì)量守恒定律。（此定律為重要概念可讓學(xué)生在1～2min內(nèi)熟練背誦下來。）
〔設(shè)疑〕為什么物質(zhì)在發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)前后質(zhì)量總是相等呢？
〔閱讀〕見教材有關(guān)內(nèi)容，學(xué)生閱讀討論后回答。
〔板書〕在一切化學(xué)反應(yīng)中，反應(yīng)前后原子的種類沒有改變，原子的數(shù)目沒有增減．原子的質(zhì)量也沒有變比。所以，化學(xué)反應(yīng)前后各物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量總和必然相等。
〔鞏固練習(xí)〕1．試解釋鎂條在空氣中燃燒后，固體的質(zhì)量增加了。
2．蠟燭燃燒后質(zhì)量是否變化？是否遵守質(zhì)量守恒定律？
二：化學(xué)方程式
化學(xué)方程式是初中化學(xué)入門的三種重要化學(xué)用語，掌握了它們才有可能學(xué)好化學(xué)，其重要性可想而知。學(xué)生已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了元素符號(hào)、化學(xué)式、化學(xué)反應(yīng)的實(shí)質(zhì)，知道了一些化學(xué)反應(yīng)和它們的文字表達(dá)式，結(jié)合剛學(xué)習(xí)了質(zhì)量守恒定律，已經(jīng)完全具備了學(xué)習(xí)化學(xué)方程式的基礎(chǔ)
教材根據(jù)質(zhì)量守恒定律，導(dǎo)出了化學(xué)方程式的概念，即用物質(zhì)的化學(xué)式表示化學(xué)反應(yīng)的式子叫化學(xué)方程式。通過木炭在氧氣中燃燒這個(gè)實(shí)例，用簡煉的文字準(zhǔn)確敘述了化學(xué)方程式的意義：(1)表示了化學(xué)反應(yīng)物和生成物。(2)表明了該化學(xué)反應(yīng)進(jìn)行的條件。(3)表示了各物質(zhì)之間的質(zhì)量關(guān)系，即各物質(zhì)之間的質(zhì)量比。
【復(fù)習(xí)提問】1．什么是質(zhì)量守恒定律？2．為什么在化學(xué)反應(yīng)前后，各物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量總和必然是相等的呢？（用原子、分子的觀點(diǎn)說明。）
〔引言〕我們已經(jīng)知道質(zhì)量守恒定律，那么在化學(xué)上有沒有一種式子，既能表示出反應(yīng)物和生成物是什么，又能反映出遵循質(zhì)量守恒定律呢？回答是肯定的，這就是化學(xué)方程式。
板書〕化學(xué)方程式
化學(xué)方程式：用化學(xué)式來表示化學(xué)反應(yīng)的式子。
例如：木炭在氧氣中充分燃燒的化學(xué)方程式為：C + O2
CO2
12∶ 16×2 ∶ 12+16×2
（指出化學(xué)方程式質(zhì)和量的意義。） 12 ∶ 32 ∶ 44
化學(xué)方程式能客觀地反映出化學(xué)反應(yīng)中“質(zhì)”和“量”的變化及關(guān)系。所以化學(xué)方程式的讀法不同于數(shù)學(xué)方程式。化學(xué)方程式中的“+”號(hào)應(yīng)讀成“和”，不能讀成“加”；反應(yīng)物和生成物中間的“==”號(hào)，應(yīng)讀成“生成”，不能讀成“等于”。
H2 + CuO 加熱 Cu + H2O
Mg+CuO加熱MgO+Cu
化學(xué)方程式可讀出質(zhì)的變化，也可讀出量的變化。每個(gè)方程式都有三種讀法
現(xiàn)以2H2O
2H2↑+O2↑為例說明。
（一）物質(zhì)讀法
上式讀作“在通電的條件下，水分解生成氫氣和氧氣”，這種讀法說明了化學(xué)反應(yīng)中物質(zhì)的變化。
（二）粒子讀法
上式讀作“在通電條件下，每2個(gè)水分子分解生成2個(gè)氫分子和1個(gè)氧分子”。這種讀法揭示了化學(xué)反應(yīng)中結(jié)構(gòu)微粒的變化，并反映出微粒個(gè)數(shù)的比例關(guān)系。
（三）數(shù)量讀法
上式讀作“通電時(shí)，36份質(zhì)量的水分解生成4份質(zhì)量的氫氣和32份質(zhì)量的氧氣”，這種讀法表明了化學(xué)反應(yīng)中物質(zhì)的數(shù)量關(guān)系。
化學(xué)方程式跟數(shù)學(xué)方程有何不同？
數(shù)學(xué)上的方程式，僅是表示等號(hào)兩邊的數(shù)目相等。等號(hào)兩邊各項(xiàng)可以移項(xiàng)或倒寫。而化學(xué)方程式可以：
(l)表示反應(yīng)物是什么，生成物是什么。
(2)表示各種反應(yīng)物的總質(zhì)量等于各種生成物的總質(zhì)量（質(zhì)量守恒）。
(3)表示反應(yīng)物與生成物的原子、分子個(gè)數(shù)比。
(4)表示反應(yīng)物和生成物的質(zhì)量比。 化學(xué)方程式是不能倒寫和移項(xiàng)的，如，不能將3Fe+2O2Fe3O4寫成 Fe3O43Fe+2O2，也不能寫成3FeFe3O4－2O2。
至于化學(xué)方程式中的“+”和“=”號(hào)雖與數(shù)學(xué)中的“+”和“=”號(hào)在形式上一樣，但其意義卻不相同。化學(xué)方程式中的“+”，在讀時(shí)不讀“加”而是讀“和”。化學(xué)方程式中的“等號(hào)”表示“生成”的意思，同時(shí)表明在化學(xué)反應(yīng)前后有兩個(gè)不變：原子種類不變；每種原子的總個(gè)數(shù)也不變。“=”讀作“反應(yīng)生成”而不能讀“等于”。
課題2 如何正確書寫化學(xué)方程式
教學(xué)目標(biāo)：
1：理解化學(xué)方程式書寫原則
2：學(xué)會(huì)化學(xué)方程式的簡單配平
重點(diǎn)：重點(diǎn)是正確書寫化學(xué)方程式
難點(diǎn)：難點(diǎn)是化學(xué)方程式的配平方法
教學(xué)過程：
化學(xué)方程式的書寫是本單元的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。在講解書寫化學(xué)方程式要遵守兩個(gè)原則時(shí)，教材強(qiáng)調(diào)指出：不能隨意臆造事實(shí)上不存在的物質(zhì)和化學(xué)反應(yīng)，不能任意編造物質(zhì)的化學(xué)式。教材以磷在空氣中燃燒生成五氧化二磷的反應(yīng)為例，說明書寫化學(xué)方程式的三個(gè)步驟：
（1）依據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)事實(shí)，把反應(yīng)物的化學(xué)式寫在左邊，生成物的化學(xué)式寫在右邊，反應(yīng)物與生成物之間用一條短線相連
(2)：根據(jù)質(zhì)量守恒定律，在反應(yīng)物、生成物的化學(xué)式前配上適當(dāng)?shù)南禂?shù)，使式子左、右兩邊的每一種元素的原子總數(shù)相等，這個(gè)過程叫化學(xué)方程式的配平。
(3)：要在化學(xué)方程式中注明反應(yīng)發(fā)生的基本條件，用“↓”表示生成物中的沉淀，用“↑”表示生成物中的氣體。在上述三個(gè)步驟中，以化學(xué)方程式的配平最為關(guān)鍵，
教材始終以質(zhì)量守恒定律作為理論指導(dǎo)，化學(xué)方程配平，就是要使完成的化學(xué)方程式符合質(zhì)量守恒定律，而且在最后還要求教師組織學(xué)生討論“為什么說質(zhì)量守恒定律是書寫化學(xué)方程式的理論基礎(chǔ)？”來加以強(qiáng)化。
此外，教材還介紹了用最小公倍數(shù)法配平化學(xué)方程式。最小公倍數(shù)法是一種比較簡單和常用的配平方法，應(yīng)當(dāng)在課堂上適當(dāng)組織練習(xí)，使學(xué)生初步學(xué)會(huì)這種配平方法。本單元教材的特點(diǎn)是：通過對(duì)多種化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的觀察和思考，得出質(zhì)量守恒定律，再把質(zhì)量守恒定律運(yùn)用于化學(xué)反應(yīng)，配平化學(xué)方程式，并初步涉及到定量研究化學(xué)反應(yīng)的科學(xué)方法
以磷在空氣中燃燒生成五氧化二磷的反應(yīng)為例，說明書寫化學(xué)方程式的具體步驟。
〔板書〕1．根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)事實(shí)寫出反應(yīng)物及生成物的化學(xué)式 P+O2─P2O5
2．配平化學(xué)方程式 用最小公倍數(shù)法確定系數(shù)。（根據(jù)是質(zhì)量守恒守律）。把短線改等號(hào)。
4P+5O2===2P2O5
3．注明反應(yīng)發(fā)生的條件4P+5O2點(diǎn)燃2P2O5
（介紹“△”’“↑”“↓”等符號(hào)表示的意義，及“↑”“↓”符號(hào)的使用范圍）。
〔講解〕反應(yīng)條件常見的有：點(diǎn)燃、加熱（△）、高溫、催化劑等。
“↑”“↓”號(hào)的使用范圍：在反應(yīng)物中無氣態(tài)物質(zhì)參加反應(yīng)，如果生成物中有氣體，則在氣體物質(zhì)的化學(xué)式右邊要注“↑”號(hào)；在溶液中進(jìn)行的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，反應(yīng)物無難溶性物質(zhì)參加反應(yīng)，如果生成物中有固體難溶性物質(zhì)生成，在固體物質(zhì)的化學(xué)式右邊要注“↓”號(hào)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)要防止隨意亂標(biāo)）
全 國 大 調(diào) 研
語文試題(一)
編審 北京啟學(xué)教育中心語文研究室
注：1．本卷總分150分，考試時(shí)間150分鐘；
2．考試范圍：高考大綱規(guī)定的考試內(nèi)容。
第Ⅰ卷(選擇題共30分)
全國大調(diào)研
英語試題（一）
編審 北京啟學(xué)教育中心英語研究室
注：1.本卷總分150分，考試時(shí)間120分鐘；
2.考試范圍：高考大綱規(guī)定的考試內(nèi)容。
第 l 卷
第一部分英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用(共三節(jié)，滿分50分)
第一節(jié)語音知識(shí)(共5小題，每小題1分，滿分5分)
從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，找出其劃線部分與所給單詞的劃線部分讀音相同
的選項(xiàng)，在答題卡土將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
1．p1ace A．back B．1azy C．dad D.taxi。’
2．believe A．quiet B．1ie C．tie D?thief
3 though A．house B．shoulder C．out。 D?mountain
4．color A．center B．decide C．picture D?rice。
5．called A．cleaned Bfinished C．helped D．passed
第二節(jié)語法和詞匯知識(shí)(共15小題，每小題1分，滿分1 5分)
從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將 該項(xiàng)涂黑。
6．Usain Bolt， best runner，ran fastest in last race in the 2008 Olympic Games．
A．／；／；the B．the；／；／ C．the；／；the D?the；the；／
7．We’ll buy a11 the products in your storehouse， of course the price is reasonabte．
A．provided B．unless C．though D?until
8．I iust don't understand that leads to so many teenagers becoming addicted to playing computer games?
A．why it does B．what it does C．what it is D?why it is。
9．From the situation in this financial crisis，you can see China is totally not she used to be a century ago.
A．／：that B．that；what C．which；that D whethe’that
10．Chemical processes in the treatment of materials for clothes the environment badly in some countries nowadays．
A．involve；damaging B．involved；damaged
C．involving；damage D．involved；damage
11. The manager excited when he learnt the project well
A．sounded；was progressed B．was sounded；progressed
C sounded；was progressing D．was sounded；would progressed
1 2．As is known to us a11，success usually diligence while lazines can
failure
A．results from；lie in B．resuits in：lead to
C．results in；lie in D．resuhs from：lead to
13．The teacher demands that she her test papers within ten minutes．
A．turn in B hands in C．have turned in D has handed in
14．－I want a room for 20 people to have a birthday party．
一Unlucklly there is no one
A．qualified B．a(chǎn)vailable C．standard D．permanent
15．It was five o’clock in the afternoon they arrived at the hotel
A．since B．before C．that D when
16．You may have one of these；in other words，you have you choose．
A．whichever B．what’ C．no matter what D．n。matter which
l 7．It is rio longer a question now man can land on the moon．
A．that B．if C whether D what
18． life in a new country can be difficult，it can broadcast a person's view of the world．
A．If B．Although C Because D While
19．The answer the teacher，she asked the little boy to try a second time．
A．disappointed B．disappointing
C．being disappointed D．having been disappointed
20．－CanI get you a cup of tea’
－____________ .
A．That’s very nice of you B．With pleasure
C．You can，please D．Thank you for the tea
第三節(jié)完形填空(共20小題，每小題1．5分，滿分30分)
閱讀下面短文，從短文后個(gè)體所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)A、B、C、D中，選出可以填入空
白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
Dear God，
Now that I am no longer young，I have friends whose mothers have passed away．I have heard these sons and daughters say they never 2 1 appreciated their mothers until it was too 22 to tell them．
I am 23 with the dear mother who is still allve．I appreciate her 24 each day．My mother does not 25 ，but I do． 26 I grow older and wiser．I realize what a(n) 27 person she is．How sad that I alil 28 to speak these words in her presence，29 they flow easily from my pen．
How does a daughter begin to thank her mother for giving her llfe I
How does a 35 wonlan thank for a mother for continuing to be a mother？For being ready with advice (when asked ) or 36 silent when it is most appreciated? For not saying:”I 37you so ,”when she could have spoked these words dozens of 38 ?For being essentially herself-loving ,thoughtful. Patient, and forgiving?
I don’t know how，dear God，except to bless her as richly as she 39 and to help me live up to the example she has set．I pray that 1 will look as good in the eyes of my 40 as my mother looks in mine．
A daughter
21．A fully B．truly C．painfully D mainly
22．A．early B．slow C．1ate D．fast
23．A．satisfied B．prepared C．worried D blessed
24．A much B．more C．1ess D．fewer
25．A．stand B．move C．change D exist
26．A．As B．With C．For D．Because
27．A．ordinary B．usual C．strict D extraordinary
28．A．unable B．a(chǎn)ble C．eager D ready
29．A．therefore B．otherwise C．but D．however
30.A herself B．itself C．themselves D．oneself
31.A．punishing B．blaming C．raising D．praising
32.A．running after B．running across C．running out D．running for
34．A．that B．when C．in which D．where
37．A．a(chǎn)sked B．told C．ordered D required
38．A．times B．days C．months D years
39．A．gots B．gives C．deserves D．delivers
40.A．husband B．children C．relatives D．neighbours
第二部分閱讀理解(共25小題，第一節(jié)每小題2分，第二節(jié)每小題1分。滿分45分)
第一節(jié) 閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)A、B、C、D中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
A
A1 Smith，former governor of New York State，was a famous honest politician．He was born very poor on the East side of New York City．He had little education．He worked very hard and won great success．
One day，as governor，he was visiting the state prison at Sing Sing，which one of the largest prison in the United States．The head of the prison asked Mr．Smith to say something to the prisoners．
Mr．Smith had never spoken to this kind of audience before．He did not know how to begin．
Finally，he said，“My fellow citizens．．．’’It was followed by a burst of laughter．Then he remembered that when a man goes to prison he is no longer a citizen．He took a breath and corrected himself，“My fellow prisoners．．’’That did not sound right，so he finally said：“WelI，anyway，I am giad to see so many of you here today．’’
41 Who was Al Smith 。
A．A man famous for his honesty
B A very good speechmaker．
C Former governor of New York City．
D．Former governor of
42，AI Smith succeeded ．
A．with his parents’help B．through his own efforts
C．because he had had 1ittle education D．because he was clever
43 When AI Smith said，“My fellow prisoners．．”
A．it seemed that he was kind hearted
B it seemed that he himself was one of the prisoners
C it seemed that the prisoners were glad to see him
D．it seemed that the prisoners welcomed him
44．What is the story mainly about?
A．A humorous joke? B A famous politician．
C．An honest story D．A prison in the United States．
B
“BANG”the door caused a reverberation．“Never set foot in this house again!”shouted father．With tears weiling(涌出)up in my eyes，I rushed out of the hofase and ran along the street．
A young father who held a child in his arlzis walked past rile．I felt as if I saw my childhood from another space：happy and harmonious(和諧)
But now I don’t know whether it is because I have grown up or because Dad is getting old．We are just like two people coming from two different worlds．It feels like there is an iron door between us that can never be opened．
1 wandered the street，without a destination in my n'nnd．My heart was frozen oil this hot summer night．As I walked on there were fewer and fewer people m the streets，until I had only streets to keep me company When I finally reached the high rise apartment block in which I livegt，I saw that the light was still on．
I thought to myself，“Is father waiting for rile．or is he still angry with me?”
In fact，it was nothing．Perhaps，Dad was throwing some of his old stamps．Perhaps he thought they were useless．I never had th,e courage to tell him that I liked collecting stamps．
All the lights were off except father’S
Dad was always 1ike this．Maybe he didn’t know bow to express himself．After shouting at me，he never showed any mercy or regret After an argument he will creep(躡手躡腳)up in my sleep and then tuck rile underneath the covers
This was how he always was．Fie has been a leader for So long that telling everyone else what to do has become his second nature．
The fight was still oil With the key in hand，1 was as nervous as 1 had ever been．At last，I decided to open the door．As soon as I opened the door tears ran down my cheeks．I suddenly realized that the iron door that l had imagined between us did not exist at all Love－it is second to none．
45．The underlined word“reverberation”refers to ．
A．a(chǎn)n earthquake B．a(chǎn) heavy Mow ．
C．a(chǎn) shake D．a(chǎn) sound forced back
46 When seeing a young father with a child in his arras．the writer might have
the following feelings EXCEPT
A．She／He admired them very much
B．She／He wished that the relation between him／her and his／her father could
also be so harmonious
C．She／He felt that happiness had been far away from him／her
D．She／He felt disappointed with his／her father
47．Why do you think the father often shouts at his child?
A．The father is getting older and older．
B．The child had already grown up．
C．They never agree with each other．
D．The father has got used to doing that．
48．What conclusion can you draw after reading the text?
A．The father treats his child in an unfair wav．
B．The father is actually kind to his child
C．The father is neither kind nor cruel to his child
D．The father is always finding fault with his child．
C
Weleome to Chatsworth
●Times and dates for the year 2008
Open 2nd April to 21st
December，House open daily
5：30 p．m．
●Admission
Adults：￡6．50
Senior citizens&students：￡5．25
Children：￡3．00
Children under three：Free
Family Ticket：￡l 6．75
Car Park：￡1 00
●Shopping
Two Gift Shops，w11 h many items based on designs from tbe House arid Garden．
Christmas shopping available at weekends from November to Christmas．
●Eating
Restaurant servmg home made food．Bar serving drinks and cakes
●Special Events in 2007
Angling Fair Weekend
8th and 9th May．One of the fairs in the Country for game and sea fishing funs．
Flower and Garden Show Weekend
26th and 27th in June．Tbe second year of this event，with flower shows and sales and gardening advice．
Guided
Gulded tours for children and students it：English and
French at an exlra eharge．Further details from the Booking Office after 10：
The 1000 acre Park in the banks of the River Derwent is open，free， throughout the year．
49．What is the opening time during the summer?
A．
50．An older person above 60 will pay less than an adult．
A．￡1．25 B．￡2．
51．What are on sale on 26th and 27th June?
A．Fishes． B．Gardens． C．Fairs．D．Flowers．
52．All of the following statements are true EXCEPT ．
A．Chatsworth is open every day from 2nd April to 21st December．
B．It costs 1ess if you buy a family ticket．
C．You will not be admitted into Farmyard and Adventure playground if you arrive at 5：00 p．m．
D. Chatsworth is open to the public in Christmas Day．
D
Whenever you send a letter or a postcard，you have to put stamps on the envelope or on the card．When did people first begin to use stamps?Who was the first to think of this idea?
In the early nineteenth century，people did not use stamps．They had to pay postage when they receive letters．They unhappy about this，especially when they pay for a letter which they did not wish to receive at a11．The postage was high at that time，because the post offices had to send many people to cotlem the postage．
RowIand Hill，a schoolnlaster in England，was the first to put forward a proposal to use stamps in the 50s of the nineteenth century．fie thought it would be much easier for people to use stamps to coover postage．They could go to the nearby post office to buy stamps and put them on envelopes before they sent the letters，The post office simply put seals on the stamps so that people could not use the staraps again．In this way，the post office did not need to send postmen to collect postage．It only needed to send fewer postmen to deliver letters．’That was a good idea and the governmern finally accepted it．
53．It was not until that people began to use stamps．
A．!he early 19th Century B．the middle 19th century
C．the late 19th century I)．the beginning of the 19th century
54．Before stamps were used，postage ．
A．was paid by the letter―posters B．was paid by the letter―receivers
C．was collected by postmen D．BothBand C
55．After stamps were used，post offices needn’t
A．send postmen to collect the postage
B．send postmen to collect letters
C．send postmen to deliver jetters
D．put seals on the used stamps
56．Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?
A．When did people first begin to use stamps?
B．Who was the first to think of using stamps?
C．Why were postmen sent to collect postage?
D．How did stamps come Into use?
E
The International Space Station，one of the most ambitious space projects ever and a key launching board for exploration of the solar system，turns l0 years old Thursday．
On Nov．20，1998，the first part of the space station was launched by the Russians from Kazakhstan．NASA followed up two weeks later with Piece No 2 carried up by a space shuttle．
The space station has grown into a giant outpost(前哨)
Thanks to the newly arrived shuttle Endeavour，the space station now has five sleep stations，two baths，two kitchens and two mini―gyms．Ahogether， there are nine rooms，three of which are full scale labs．
The United States has financed the main part of the project，estimated to cost some 100 billion dollars．Fifteen other countries have also contributed， including Russia，Japan，Canada，Brazil anti eleven nations belonging to the European Space Agency．
’Fhe space station has traveled 2．1 billion km，orbited Earth more than 57，300 times，hosted 167 people from 15 countries，and served up more than l 9，000 meals
”The ISS is the largest ever expenmeni in international technological cooperation，’’ said John Logsdon。a historian at the National Air and Space Museum in US．
“1 think it’s a necessary stepping stone to long―term human activities in new Areas of operations，”Logsdon said．The station is“off the planet and it’s the first Step outward―not all end in itself，but a step along the way．’’
57．The passage is mainly about ．
A the construction of the International Space Station．
B．the history of the International Space Station．
C the tenth anniversary of the International Space Station．
D．the eountries that help establish the International Space Station．
58．Piece No 2 of the ISS was put into orbit oil
A．Nov．6，1998 B．Nov．24，1998
C．Dee．8，1998 D．Dec．9，1998
59．Which of the following is true about Endeav our according to the passage?
A．Endeavour is a newly built shuttle．
B．Endeavour is part of the space station，
C．Endeavour didn’t get close to the space station．
D．Endeavour carried a lot of equipment for the apace station．
60．Which of the following country has not made a contribution to the eonstruction of
the International space station according to the passage?
A．USA． B．Japan． C．Korea．D．Spain．
第二節(jié)根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容，從對(duì)話后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)
中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。
－I think 1 was very lucky to get the job． 61
－But it won’t be a little village forever． 62 There will be a lot more people
here in about five years’time．
－Yes。but there won’t lie any factories，iust two or three office buildings，and
theY will 1ie far behind that woodland over there．
一Very nice． 63 It was so quiet!
－I didn’t sleep too well．I couldn’t get used to be silence． 64
一Well，65
A．Never sleep better．
B’This is a developing area
C．The only noise I heard last night was some birds at about two o’clock in the morning．
D．Now we are able to live in a 1ittle village．
E．The silence was wonderful for me．
F．Was it noisy?
G．What is happening to the village?
第Ⅱ卷
第三部分寫作(共三節(jié)，滿分jj分)
單詞拼寫 (共1 0小題，每小題1分。滿分10分)
根據(jù)下列句子及所給漢語注釋，在句子右邊的橫線上寫出空缺處各單詞的正確形式：(每空只寫一詞)
66．Many tan buildings were (毀壞)in the earthquake and many people
died．
67．The
(正常的)temperature of a person is
36．
68．The (政府)of Qindao has det ernfined to turn the city into a real
paradise on tbe Earth．
69．Automobile race is an (冒險(xiǎn)的)sport．
70．They are in great need of teachers with rich ．(經(jīng)歷)．
71．Our school has been given som new (設(shè)備)．
72．News that our class was to (主辦)the school party excited every
studentS in our class．
73．Flora and Jeff later talked about the (難忘的)experiences they had
during the flood．
74．Luckily for the people trapped in the fire，many firefighters came to their
(營救)in time．
75．Please remenber to finish your composition and hand them in before the
(最后期限)．
第二節(jié) 短文改錯(cuò)(共10小題；每小題1．5分。滿分15分)
此題要求改正所給短文中的錯(cuò)誤。對(duì)標(biāo)有題號(hào)的每一行做出判斷：如無錯(cuò)誤，在該行右邊橫線上畫一個(gè)勾(√)；如有錯(cuò)誤(每行只有一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤)．則按下列情況改正：此行；一個(gè)詞：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)(研試卷(全套六科)/file:///E:\cooco.net.cn\docfiles\down\test\down\%25&Ovr0\f39a78ef554e2ef35d2e427661d74a1d.zip\66586\2009屆高三全國大調(diào)研試卷(全套六科)\2009屆高三全國大調(diào)研試卷(英語).files\image002.jpg)
)，在該行右邊橫線上寫出該加的詞。此行錯(cuò)一個(gè)詞：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，在該行右邊橫線上寫出改正后的詞。
注意：原行沒有錯(cuò)的不要改。
Dear"ibm，
I'm very happy to team that you are cormng to Beijing for visit 76．
during the Christmas holiday．I’ve read in the paper about a five-day 77．
tour，which I think it fits you，so I'd like to recommend it to you． 78．
You will visit many historic place of interest in Beijing such as the Great 79．
Wall．the Summer Palace and the Palace Museum I can take a tour on 80．
Hutong and after it you will have a meal of delicious Beijing Roast Duck． 81．
There is a large shopping center in Wangfujing，where you could buy 82．
traditional hand made crafts．But you call buy Chinese silk there。too 83．
Please rememher bring some warmclothes with you，for it is very 84．
cold in winter in Beijing I'm sure you will enjoy our visit here． 85．
I’ ll looking forward to seeing you soon．
Yours，
Susan
第三節(jié)書面表達(dá)(滿分30分)
最近你校學(xué)生會(huì)紐織學(xué)生開展了一場(chǎng)討論，主題是：What is the beauty
standard假如你是學(xué)生會(huì)主席，請(qǐng)根據(jù)下喪學(xué)生討論的結(jié)果寫一份總結(jié)材料，并
談?wù)勀愕目捶ā?/p>
學(xué)生觀點(diǎn)
理由
1.好臉蛋就是一封介紹信
在社交、競(jìng)爭、求職等方面作用大
2.漂亮不能當(dāng)飯吃
追求外在美而放棄內(nèi)在美不是真正的美
你的看法
注意：1．參考詞匯：介紹recommendation：
2．詞數(shù)；100字左右，已經(jīng)給出的開頭不計(jì)入詞數(shù)。
What is the beauty standard’
What does beauty really mean?Everybody has his own ideas on beauty．
調(diào)研（一）英語（不含聽力）
1―5BDBCA
6―10AACBD 11―15CDABD 16―20AABBA
21－525CCDBC 26－30ADACB 31－35CABBA 36－40DBACB
41－45DBBAD 46－50DDBCA 51－55 DDBDA 56－60CCDC
61－65DBACE
66?destroyed 67．normal 68．government 69．a(chǎn)dventurous
70 experience
71.equipment 72.host 73.unforgettable 74.rescue 75.deadline
76.visit前面加a 77.√ 78.去掉fits前的it 79.place→places 80.on→of
81.it→that 82.could→can 83.But→And 84.bring前加to 85.our→your
One possible version:
What is the beauty standard?
What does beauty really mena ?Everybody had his own ideas on beauty.
Some students think that a good face is a letter of recommemdation. Good appearance often makes a big difference in social communication, sompetition, finding jobs and so on ,Not only can it help you becomemore confident , but also it helps you b eimpresed, Physical beauty is likely to draw much attention,
On the contrary, other students have quite different opinions, They hold the idea that good appearance will be of no value, Inner beauty is more important, A beautiful person is not the one with a good looking , but with a broad and kind heart,
In my opinion,the different ideas on beauty above are both acceptable although the criteria of beauty change with different time, societies, and cultures.
全國大調(diào)研
理科綜合試題(一)
編審 北京啟學(xué)教育中心理科綜合研究室
注：1．本卷總分300分，考試時(shí)間1 50分鐘；
2．考試范圍：高考大綱規(guī)定的考試內(nèi)容。
第Ⅱ卷(選擇題共1 26分)
以下數(shù)據(jù)可供解題時(shí)參考：
可能用到的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量：H －l C―12 O －16 Na －23
S一32 Cu －64 Ba―137
全 國 大 調(diào) 研
數(shù)學(xué)試題（一）
編審 北京啟學(xué)教育中心數(shù)學(xué)研究室
注：1.本卷總分150分，考試時(shí)間120分鐘；
2. 考試范圍：高考考試大綱規(guī)定的考試內(nèi)容。
第Ⅰ卷（選擇題 共60分）
長春外國語學(xué)校2008-2009學(xué)年第一學(xué)期期中考試高三年級(jí)
物理試卷
本試卷分第Ⅰ卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題）兩部分。共100分，考試用時(shí)90分鐘
第Ⅰ卷（選擇題共45分）
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學(xué)科網(wǎng)研試卷(全套六科)/file:///E:\cooco.net.cn\docfiles\down\test\down\%25&Ovr0\f39a78ef554e2ef35d2e427661d74a1d.zip\66586\2009屆高三全國大調(diào)研試卷(全套六科)\2009屆高三全國大調(diào)研試卷(文綜).files\image002.jpg)
編審
北京啟學(xué)教育中心文科綜合研究室