黑龍江省哈爾濱市第六中學2009屆高三第一次模擬考試
英語試題
I. 聽力
第一節（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）
1. Why cannot
A. She’s on the way to office right now.
B. She’s answering another phone call.
C. She’s out to buy some lines.
2. What does the woman mean?
A. She is willing to let the man use her dictionary.
B. She doesn’t think the man needs the dictionary.
C. She wonders why the man wants to use her dictionary.
3. How many books can the man borrow?
A. Twenty-five B. Five C. Twenty
4. Where is Mr. Wang now?
A. In
5. What will the woman have to do?
A. Use the tape herself B. Keep the tape for another week
C. Return the tape to the man.
第二節（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）
聽第6段材料，回答第6至8題。
6. What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?
A. Doctor and patient B. Lawyer and client
C. Receptionist and patient
7. What is the man’s problem?
A. He has a stomachache B. He has chest pains
C. He has a sore throat
8. When is the man going to Dr. Black’s office?
A. Right away B. In the afternoon C. At ten in the morning
聽第7段材料，回答第9至11題。
9. Why does the man want to find a nurse?
A. He likes the nurse to chat with his parents
B. His mother wants a nice nurse to help her
C. He needs a nurse to look after his sick father
10. What do you know about the man?
A. He never thought it’s so difficult to find a nurse.
B. He doesn’t want his mother herself to take care of his father
C. He cares more about his father than about his mother
11. What can be inferred from the conversation?
A. The man’s mother used to be a nurse
B. The man’s father has been in hospital for a long time.
C. The man has interviewed several nurses.
聽第8段材料，回答第12至14小題。
12. What may be the man’s purpose according to the conversation?
A. He wants to find a suitable job. B. He wants to get a girlfriend.
C. He wants to marry the woman.
13. What kind of people might the man prefer?
A. A serious person B. A practical person C. A rich person
14. What’s the man’s possible favor according to the conversation?
A. Sightseeing B. Running a restaurant C. Writing
聽第9段材料，回答第15至17題。
15. Why does the woman want to travel after graduation?
A. To enrich her experience B. To find a good job while traveling
C. To see different places described in the books
16. How can we adapt to the changing environment according to the woman?
A. We should be independent B. We should be willing to change
C. We should get to know different people.
17. What will the woman learn while traveling?
A. To help people B. To believe herself C. To value people
聽第10段材料，回答第18至20題。
18. How will buyers pay for items they have chosen on TV?
A. By making a phone call B. By charging them to a credit card
C. By paying for them at the cashier’s.
19. Why do some people prefer to shop in stores?
A. It’s taken as a way to relax B. They can shop around the clock
C. Goods in store is a bit cheaper
20. What can you infer from the text?
A. Store shopping will be replaced in the future.
B. Store shopping and home shopping are needed by different people.
C. Shopping on the Internet is developing rapidly.
II. 單項選擇
21. It is known that water is not _____ endless resource, nor _____ that can be made once more.
A. the; 不填 B. an; one C. an; that D. 不填；one
22. I’m not sure whether I will have anything else to do tomorrow. ____,I will try every possible means to come to the party.
A. Even though B. Anyhow C. If so D. Instead
23. It is required that the students ______ mobile phones in their school, so seldom ____ them using one.
A. not use; will you see B. should not use; you will see
C. don’t use; will you see D. not use; you will see
24. With the electric map ______ in the car _____ the exact position, the driver can drive in the right direction of the destination.
A. fixing; showing B. fixed; shown
C. fixed; showing D. fixing; shown
25. ?When did you last hear ____ Jay?
--He phoned me this morning, and we agreed____ a time and place to meet.
A. of; to B. about; with C. from; with D. from; on
26. ―Tom has missed yesterday’s class, so ____ one example is necessary to get him to grasp this rule clearly.
27. He spent at least as much time reading as you____ online yesterday.
A. had to chat B. do chatting C. had chatted D. did chatting
28. ?Do the students learn any foreign language in your school?
- Yes, more than one____ taught in this school.
A. language is B. language are C. language be D. languages are
29. It’s hard for him to play against me. I’ve got nothing to play for, but for him, he needs to win so ______.
A. far B. well C. little D. badly
30. ---You seem to get lost. Need help?
--- _______.
A. Yes, give me a hand, please.
B. Help me find my bag, please.
C. I’m looking for the No.1 bus.
D. Yes, would you please help me with the bag?
31. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not ____, and asked myself what I was going to do.
A. moved B. moving C. to move D. being moved
32. Without proper lessons, you could ____ a lot of bad habits when playing the piano.
A. give up B. catch up C. keep up D. pick up
33. At the sight of the policeman, ___from behind the door.
A. did the boy rush out B. did he sit down
C. out rushed the boy D. rushing out was the boy
34. He often speaks of the trouble he _____ to help the orphan.
A. had B. found C. made D. took
35. ---We didn’t find the Blacks ____ the lecture.
---No one had told them about _____ a lecture the following day.
A. to attend; there to be B. attending; there being
C. attended; there be D. attend; there was
III. 完形填空
I think the most basic and powerful way to connect to another person is to listen. Perhaps, the most important thing we ever give each other is our 36 , and especially if it’s given from our hearts.
When people are talking, 37 is no need to do anything but 38 them and take them in. Listen to what they are 39 . In most cases, 40 is more important than understanding. It has taken me a long time to believe in the 41 of simple saying “ I’m so sorry ” when some one is in pain.
One of my patients told me that when she tried to tell her story, people often 42 her to tell her that they once had 43 just like what happened to her. Finally, she 44 talking to most people.
45 , we connect to each other through listening. When we interrupt what someone is saying to let him or her know that we understand, we move the focus of attention to ourselves.
I have 46 learned to respond to someone’s 47 by just listening to him or her. In the old days, I used to 48 the tissue (紙巾). I realized that passing a person a tissue 49 be just another way to 50 them down and take them out of their experience of 51 . Now just listen. When they have cried all they 52 to cry, they find me there with them.
This simple thing has not been that easy to learn. It certainly went 53 everything I had been taught since I was very young. I 54 think that people listened only because they did not know the answer. But now I know that a loving 55 often has more power to comfort others than words.
36.
A. attention
B. love
C. minds
D. actions
37.
A. it
B. that
C. this
D. there
38.
A. receive
B. accept
C. get
D. bring
39.
A. speaking
B. talking
C. telling
D. saying
40.
A. discussing
B. doing
C. listening
D. hearing
41.
A. effort
B. power
C. treasure
D. strength
42.
A. interrupted
B. disturbed
C. asked
D. demanded
43.
A. everything
B. anything
C. something
D. nothing
44.
A. began
B. stopped
C. started
D. continued
45.
A. In fact
B. At length
C. As a result
D. In other words
46.
A. still
B. never
C. even
D. hardly
47.
A. anxiety
B. laughing
C. shouting
D. crying
48.
A. give off
B. reach for
C. reach out
D. give up
49.
A. might
B. will
C. had to
D. must
50.
A. break
B. put
C. pull
D. calm
51.
A. happiness
B. sadness
C. anger
D. delight
52.
A. try
B. manage
C. need
D. like
53.
A. against
B. for
C. out
D. with
54.
A. always
B. happened to
C. seldom
D. used to
55.
A. lecture
B. understanding
C. silence
D. act
IV. 閱讀理解
A
I was doing some Christmas shopping in a toy store and decided to look at Barbie dolls for my nieces. A nicely dressed little girl was excitedly looking through the Barbie dolls as well. As she was looking, a little boy came to the Pokemon toys. He was dressed neatly, but his clothed were obviously old. He was with his father as well, and kept picking up the Pokemon video toys. Each time he picked one up and looked at his father, his father shook his head and said, “No.”
The little girl had chosen her Barbie. However, she stopped and was watching them. Rather dejectedly, the boy had to give up the Pokemon toys and choose something else. The little girl put her Barbie back on the shelf, and ran over to the Pokemon toys. She excitedly picked up one and raced towards the checkout. I picked up my purchases and got in line behind them. Then, much to the little girl’s delight, the little boy and his father got in line behind me. After the toy was paid for and bagged, the little girl handed it back to the cashier (收銀員) and whispered something in her ear. The casher smiled and put the package under the counter.
I paid for my purchases and was rearranging things when the little boy came up to the cashier. The cashier checked his purchases and said, “Congratulations, you are my hundredth customer today, and you win a prize!” With that, she handed the little boy the Pokemon toys, and he could only stare in surprise. It was exactly what he had wanted!
The little girl and her father had been standing at the doorway during all of this. Then they walked out. As I walked back to my car, I heard the father ask his daughter why she had done that. I’ll never forget what she said to him. “Daddy, didn’t Grandparents want me to buy something that would make me happy?” He said, “Of course they did, honey.” To which the little girl replied, “ Well, I just did!”
I feel very shocked to have witnessed the true spirit of Christmas in that boy store, in the form of a little girl who understands more about the meaning of this festival than most adults I know.
56. The underlined word “dejectedly” in the second paragraph probably means _____.
A. delightedly B. disappointedly C. excitedly D. unexpectedly
57. How did the little boy get the Pokemon toys?
A. His father bought him the Poknemon toys.
B. Fortunately, he was the hundredth customer and won the Poknemon toys.
C. The cashier felt sympathy for the little boy and gave him the Poknemon toys.
D. The little girl bought the Poknemon toys for him.
58. What did the little girl mean when saying “Daddy, didn’t Grandparents want me to buy something that would make me happy?”
A. Her Grandparents wanted her to be happy.
B. Making the little boy happy made her happy.
C. The Poknemon toys made her happy.
D. Her Grandparents hoped that she could help others.
59. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. the story happened before Christmas.
B. The little boy had no enough money to buy the Poknemon toys.
C. Although the little girl liked the Poknemon toys very much, she gave them to the boy.
D. The author was deeply moved by the behavior of the little girl.
B
The day after Thanksgiving is considered the first day of
the holiday shopping season in the
In the past, before calculators and computers, workers recorded the profits and losses of American businesses in special books. They used red ink to record losses. They used black ink to record profits. They used the term “in the red” to mean losing money. “In the black” meant making a profit. So “Black Friday” was the day when the store owners moved from being “in the red” to “in the black.”
Many people consider “Black Friday” to be the busiest shopping day of the year. But that is probably false. Researchers say it may be the day when the largest number of people go to stores. But it is not necessarily the day when shoppers spend the largest amount of money. Some experts say Americans just want to get out of the house the day after Thanksgiving. And many stores reduce some of their prices on “Black Friday.”
However, experts say that many people wait until much closer to Christmas, December 25, hoping to find even lower prices. They say the busiest day of the year in terms of the amount of shoppers and sales is usually the Saturday before Christmas.
A marketing services company carried out a public opinion study about shopping last month. It asked almost one thousand Americans about their gift buying plans. One-third said they plan to go to stores to shop on the day after Thanksgiving.
The study found that these shoppers are mainly young people, probably because older people do not want to deal with huge crowds. In fact, business leaders say many older Americans are doing their shopping at home -- on the computer. They say the day most people shop online is the Monday after “Black Friday.” They even have a name for it -- “Cyber Monday.”
60. Which is the busiest shopping day of the year according to the text?
A. Black Friday
B. the day before Christmas
C. the Saturday before Christmas
D. Cyber Monday
61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Businessmen prefer the term “in the red” to “in the black”.
B. “Black Friday” means store owners begin to earn money.
C. The largest amount of sales is made on “Black Friday”.
D. The largest number of people go to stores on “Black Friday”.
62. Why don’t people spend money on “Black Friday”?
A. They are not satisfied with the quality of the goods sold.
B. Some shops secretly increase their prices on that day.
C. Too many people in the store discourage their shopping desire.
D. They are waiting for a more competitive price.
63. From the passage we can conclude that ________.
A. Stores failed to earn much money from older people on “Black Friday”.
B. “Cyber Monday” has a larger amount of sales than “Black Friday”.
C. All young people prefer going to stores on “Black Friday”.
D. Older people like shopping on-line because of cheaper prices.
C
The following are the results of the tests done by “Family and Home Magazine” on some Pocket Tape-Recorders on the market now.
Pearlcorder S702 $64
This
simple model at the bottom of the
Tape
length: 30minutes per side. Weight:
Sony M9 $49.95
Small and very good looking, Sony’s latest offering scored most for its appearance. Sounds clear, but there is slight machine noise. The big control buttons are a great improvement on some of the complicated little controls on other tape-recorders. It doesn’t switch off automatically, but a red light shows if the machine is still running.
Tape
length: 60minutes per side. Weight:
Sony M400 $115
Lots of little control buttons that make a noise are difficult to use. Recording is good but machine noise loses points. Tape counter and automatic switch-off when tape has finished recording or rewinding are useful.
Tape
length: 60 minutes per side. Weight:
Imperial OEM MC7 $ 29.95
Cheap and simple compared with the rest, but recording is good as long as there is no background noise. Use only its own-make of cassette. No light to show it is on; no fast-forward button and the record button makes a loud noise.
Tape
length: 30 minutes per side. Weight:
Philips 585 $80
Handsome
and simple to use, but recording is very poor at more than the recommended
distance of
Tape
length: 15 minutes per side. Weight:
64. The machine that produces the best recording with the least unwanted noise is __.
A. Pearlcorder S 702 B. Sony M9
C. Sony M400 D. Imperial OEM MC7
65. If you want a machine which turns off automatically and weighs very little you should choose _____.
A. Pearlcorder S 702 B. Sony M9
C. Sony M400 D. Philips 585
66. Which of the following allows you to record longest but costs you least?
A. Philips 585 B. Imperial OEM MC7
C. Sony M400 D. Sony M9
67. What disadvantage does only the Imperial OEM MC7 have?
A. No light shows when it is on.
B. It requires a special cassette.
C. It picks up background noise.
D. The record button makes a noise.
D
The US Department of Labor statistics show that there is an oversupply of college trained workers and that this oversupply is increasing. Already there have been more than enough, teachers, engineers, physicists, aerospace experts, and other specialists. Yet colleges and graduate schools continue every year to turn out highly trained people to compete for jobs that aren’t there. The result is that graduates cannot enter the professions for which they were trained and must take temporary jobs which do not require a college degree.
On the other hand, there is a great need for skilled workers of all sports: carpenters, electricians, mechanics, plumbers, TV repairmen. These people have more work than they can deal with, and their annual incomes are often higher than those of college graduates. The old gap that white-collar workers make a better living than blue collar workers no longer holds true. The law of supply and demand now favors the skilled workmen.
The reason for this situation is the traditional myth that College degree is a passport to a prosperous future. A large part of American society matches success in life equally with a college degree. Parents begin indoctrinating(灌輸) their children with this myth before they are out of grade school. High school teachers play their part by acting as if high school education were a preparation for college rather than for life. Under this pressure the kids fall in line. Whether they want to go to college or not doesn’t matter. Everybody should go to college, so of course they must go. And every year college enrollments(入學) go up and up, and more and more graduates are overeducated for the kinds of jobs available to them.
One result of this emphasis on a college education is that many people go to college who do not belong there. Of the sixty percent of high school graduates who enter college, half of them do not graduate with their class. Many of them drop out within the first year. Some struggle on for two or three years and then give up.
68. It’s implied but not stated in the passage that _______.
A. many other countries are facing the some problem
B. white-collar workers in the
C. fewer students will prefer to go to college in the future
D. the law of supply and demand has a strong effect on American higher education
69. Which of the following is NOT a reason why college enrollments go up every year?
A. Many believe the only way to success is a college education.
B. Many parents want their children ? to go to college.
C. High school teachers urge their students to go to college.
D. Every young man and woman wants to go to college.
70. By saying that “many people go to college who do not belong there”, the author means that ______.
A. many people unfit for college education go to college
B. many people without enough money go to college
C. many people going to college drop out within the first year
D. many people going to college have their hopes destroyed
71. We can infer from the passage that the author believe that ______.
A. every young man and woman should go to college
B. college education is a bad thing
C. people with a college education should receive higher pay
D. fewer people should go to college while more should be trained for skilled jobs
E
Anxiety is the appropriate emotion when the immediate personal terror ? of a volcano, an arrow, a stab(刺傷) in the back and other disasters ? is directed against one’s self-disappears.
The kind of world that produces anxiety is actually a world of relative safety, a world in which no one feels that he himself is facing sudden death. The anxiety exists as an uneasy state of mind, in which one has a feeling that something unspecified(不具體的) an indeterminable may go wrong. If the world seems to be going well, this produces anxiety―for good times may end. If the world is going badly―it may get worse. Anxiety tends to be without focus; the anxious person doesn’t know whether to blame himself or other people. He isn’t sure whether it is the change in climate or the atom bomb that is to blame for this unclear sense of unease.
It is clear that we have developed a society which depends on having the right amount of anxiety to make it work. While we agree that too much anxiety is harmful to mental health, we have come to rely on anxiety to push us into seeing a doctor about a symptom (癥狀) which may indicate cancer, into checking up on that old life-insurance policy which may have out-of-date provisions in it, into having a conference with Billy’s teacher even though his report card looks all right.
People who are anxious enough keep their care insurance up, have the brakes checked, and don’t take a second drink when they have to drive. People who are too anxious either refuse to go into cars at all or drive so tensely that they help cause accidents. People who aren’t anxious enough take chance after chance, which increases the terrible accidents of the roads.
72. In the world that produces anxiety, _______.
A. people have sudden uneasiness
B. everything goes well
C. people are clear about their life
D. danger is almost everywhere
73. The author holds that ______.
A. anxiety is a good thing
B. anxiety is a symptom of mental illness
C. some anxiety can lead to changes for the better
D. no anxiety is bad for society
74. Accidents of the road tend to be caused by _______.
A. all those who are too anxious
B. all those who have anxiety
C. those who have no anxiety
D. those who are not anxious enough
75. The best title for the passage would be _______.
A. Anxiety
B. The Right Amount of Anxiety
C. Anxiety vs Safety
D. Different Attitudes to Anxiety
V. 短文改錯
Deal Paul,
How is everything? I’m writing to tell you about
the race be held next Tuesday. You are one 76. _____
of the ten runner in your class in the race, and you 77. _____
need to be at school gate by 1:30 pm that day. The 78. _____
race began at 1:40. All racers will start from the gate. Then 79. _____
turn right and run along
traffic lights there you’ll turn right again and keep running 81. _____
along
There turn right, go on to the bank of the river, crossing the bridge 83. _____
and take a left turn. Finally, they are to reach the finish line. 84. _____
By the way, if you want much information, please let me know. 85. _____
VI. 書面表達
高三學生面臨著沉重的學習壓力，很多學生利用課間十分鐘的休息時間學習,實際上沒有什么效果。假如你是新華中學高三年級的學生李越，就此現象給中學生英語報寫封信，發表自己的看法。信的內容須包括以下要點：
1．十分鐘的課間休息很有必要（說明理由）；
2．你是怎樣利用這十分鐘的。
注意：1、詞數100-200； 2、信的開頭已經給出（不計入總數）。
Dear editor,
I’m a Senior 3 student from
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Answers:
BDCAA BCCAA ABBAC CDBAA
21-25 BBACD 26-30 CDADA 31-35 BDCDB
36-40 ADADC 41-45 BACBA 46-50 CDBAD 51-55 BCADC
56-59 BDBC 60-63 CBDA 64-67 ACDB 68-71 BDAD 72-75 BCDA
76. be 前加 to
77. runner--- runners
78. at 后加 the
79. began --- begins
80. 對
81．there --- where
82. 去掉 will
83. crossing --- cross
84. they --- you
85. much --- more
Dear editor,
I’m a Senior 3 student from
In my opinion, taking the ten-minute break between classes is definitely necessary, which makes us relaxed both physically and mentally. The ten-minute break is menat for us to relax and prepare for the next class. Only by doing so can we have more energy to study effectively in class.
My ten-minute break is always pleasing as well as relaxing. Sometimes I do some simple exercises. Sometimes I have a free chat with my classmates or just take walk outside. Therefore, I always feel energetic and listen attentively in class.
黑龍江省哈爾濱市第六中學2009屆高三第一次模擬考試
文科綜合試題
試卷分為第Ⅰ卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（綜合題）兩部分，滿分300分，考試時間150分鐘。
注意事項∶
1．答第Ⅰ卷前，考生務必將自己的姓名、準考證號、考試科目涂寫在答題卡上�？荚嚱Y束，將試題卷和答題卡一并交回。
2．每小題選出答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對應題目的答案標號涂黑，如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案，不能答在試題卷上。
第Ⅰ卷（選擇題，共140分）
專題四 電學實驗
電學實驗是高考實驗考查的重點、熱點內容。試題注重聯系實驗操作的考查，如測量儀器的讀數問題、實驗線路的連線問題、電表和其他用電器的選擇問題都是實驗操作的仿真模擬，需要考生具備良好的動手實踐經驗。試題還注重實驗數據的處理分析，如根據實驗數據畫出圖線，根據圖線分析得出結論。“設計和完成實驗的能力”在理科綜合《考試說明》中指出的五個考試目標之一。是近幾年高考物理實驗題的命題趨向。
完整的設計一個實驗，要經歷多個環節，在實際考查中，一般不會考查全部環節，而是只考查其中的幾個環節，有的題目給出條件和實驗器材，要求闡述實驗原理；有的給出實驗電路圖，要求領會實驗原理，確定需測物理量及計算公式；有的則要求考生根據操作步驟及測定的物理量判斷出實驗原理……雖然考查方式不盡相同，但目前高考中幾乎所有的設計型實驗題都有一個共同點，都以不同方式或多或少的對實驗原理作一定的提示，在給出實驗器材的前提下進行考查。
由于考查環節和要求的不同，題型也不盡相同，但較多的是選擇、填空、作圖題。
在復習過程中，應對所學電學實驗逐個理解實驗原理、實驗方法，比較不同實驗的異同（如電路圖、滑動變阻器和電表的連接）。不斷充實自己的經驗和方法，逐步達到能靈活運用已學知識解答新的問題。對于設計型實驗題目要明確實驗設計的關鍵在于實驗原理的設計，它是進行實驗的依據和起點，它決定了應選用（或還需）哪些實驗器材，應測量哪些物理量，如何編排實驗步驟。而實驗原理的設計又往往依賴于所提供的實驗器材（條件）和實驗要求，它們相輔相成，互為條件。
（一）電學實驗中所用到的基本知識
在近年的電學實驗中，電阻的測量（包括變形如電表內阻的測量）、測電源的電動勢與內電阻是考查頻率較高的實驗。它們所用到的原理公式為：
。由此可見，對于電路中電壓U及電流I的測量是實驗的關鍵所在，但這兩個量的直接測量和間接測量的方法卻多種多樣，在此往往也是高考試題的著力點之處。因此復習中應熟練掌握基本實驗知識及方法，做到以不變應萬變。
1．電路設計原則：正確地選擇儀器和設計電路的問題，有一定的靈活性，解決時應掌握和遵循一些基本的原則，即“安全性”、“方便性”、“精確性”原則，兼顧“誤差小”、“儀器少”、“耗電少”等各方面因素綜合考慮，靈活運用。
⑴正確性：實驗原理所依據的原理應當符合物理學的基本原理。
⑵安全性：實驗方案的實施要安全可靠，實施過程中不應對儀器及人身造成危害。要注意到各種電表均有量程、電阻均有最大允許電流和最大功率，電源也有最大允許電流，不能燒壞儀器。
⑶方便性：實驗應當便于操作，便于讀數，便于進行數據處理。
⑷精確性：在實驗方案、儀器、儀器量程的選擇上，應使實驗誤差盡可能的小。
2．電學實驗儀器的選擇：
⑴根據不使電表受損和盡量減少誤差的原則選擇電表。首先保證流過電流表的電流和加在電壓表上的電壓均不超過使用量程，然后合理選擇量程，務必使指針有較大偏轉（一般要大于滿偏度的1/3），以減少測讀誤差。
⑵根據電路中可能出現的電流或電壓范圍選擇滑動變阻器，注意流過滑動變阻器的電流不超過它的額定值，對大阻值的變阻器，如果是滑動頭稍有移動，使電流、電壓有很大變化的，不宜采用。
⑶應根據實驗的基本要求來選擇儀器，對于這種情況，只有熟悉實驗原理，才能作出恰當的選擇。總之，最優選擇的原則是：方法誤差盡可能��；間接測定值盡可能有較多的有效數字位數，直接測定值的測量使誤差盡可能小，且不超過儀表的量程；實現較大范圍的靈敏調節；在大功率裝置（電路）中盡可能節省能量；在小功率電路里，在不超過用電器額定值的前提下，適當提高電流、電壓值，以提高測試的準確度。
3．測量電路的選擇
⑴電流表的內、外接問題：（甲）所示電路為電流表外接電路（簡稱外接法）；（乙）所示電路為電流表內接電路（簡稱內接法）。兩種接法的選擇可按下列方法進行：
方法一：設電流表、電壓表內阻分別為
、
，被測電阻為
，則
當<
時，電壓表分流作用小，應選用外接法
當>時，電流表分壓作用小，應選用內接法
當=時，電流表分壓作用和電壓表分流作用相差不大，兩種方法均可。
方法二：在、均不知的情況下，可采用試觸法。如圖所示，分別將a端與b、c接觸，如果前后兩次電流表示數比電壓表示數變化明顯，說明電壓表分流作用大，應采用內接法；如果前后兩次電壓表示數比電流表示數變化明顯，說明電流表分壓作用大，應采用外接法。
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⑵滑動變阻器的分壓、限流接法：
為了改變測量電路（待測電阻）兩端的電壓（或通過測量電路的電流），常使滑動變阻器與電源連接作為控制電路，滑動變阻器在電路中主要有兩種連接方式：如圖（甲）為滑動變阻器的限流式接法，
為待測電阻。它的接線方式是電源、滑動變阻器與待測電阻三者串聯。對待測電阻供電電壓的最大調節范圍是：
(是待測電阻，R是滑動變阻器的總電阻，不計電源內阻)。如圖（乙）是滑動變阻器的分壓式接法。接線方式是電源與滑動變阻器組成閉合電路，而被測電路與滑動變阻器的一部分電阻并聯，該接法對待測電阻供電電壓的調節范圍是：
（不計電源內阻時）。
選取接法的原則：
①要求負載上電壓或電流變化范圍大，且從零開始連續可調，須用分壓式接法。
②負載電阻Rx遠大于滑動變阻器總電阻R時，須用分壓式接法，此時若采用限流式接法對電路基本起不到調節作用。
③采用限流電路時，電路中的最小電流（電壓）仍超過電流表的量程或超過用電器的額定電流（電壓）時，應采用變阻器的分壓式接法。
④負載電阻的阻值Rx小于滑動變阻器的總電阻R或相差不大，并且電壓表、電流表示數變化不要求從零開始起調，可用限流式接法。
⑤兩種電路均可使用時應優先用限流式接法，因為限流電路結構簡單，總功率較小。
滑動變阻器的粗調和微調作用：
①在限流電路中，全電阻較大的變阻器起粗調作用，全電阻較小的變阻器起微調作用。
②在分壓電路中，全電阻較小的變阻器起粗調作用，全電阻較大的變阻器起微調作用。
4．實物圖的連接：實物圖連線應掌握基本方法和注意事項。
⑴注意事項：
①連接電表應注意量程選用正確，正、負接線柱不要接錯。
②各導線都應接在接線柱上，不應在導線中間出現分叉。
③對于滑動變阻器的連接，要搞清楚接入電路的是哪一部分電阻，在接線時要特別注意不能將線接到滑動觸頭上。
⑵基本方法：
①畫出實驗電路圖。
②分析各元件連接方式，明確電流表與電壓表的量程。
③畫線連接各元件。(用鉛筆畫線，以便改錯)連線方式應是單線連接，連線順序應先畫串聯電路，再畫并聯電路。
一般先從電源正極開始，到電鍵，再到滑動變阻器等。按順序以單線連接方式將干路中要串聯的元件依次串聯起來；然后連接支路將要并聯的元件再并聯到電路中去。連接完畢，應進行檢查，檢查電路也應按照連線的方法和順序。
（二）定值電阻的測量方法
1．歐姆表測量：最直接測電阻的儀表。但是一般用歐姆表測量只能進行粗測，為下一步的測量提供一個參考依據。用歐姆表可以測量白熾燈泡的冷電阻。
2．替代法：替代法的測量思路是等效的思想，可以是利用電流等效、也可以是利用電壓等效。替代法測量電阻精度高，不需要計算，方法簡單，但必須有可調的標準電阻（一般給定的儀器中要有電阻箱）。
【例題】在某校開展的科技活動中，為了要測出一個未知電阻的阻值Rx，現有如下器材：讀數不準的電流表A、定值電阻R0、電阻箱R1、滑動變阻器R2、單刀單擲開關S1、單刀雙擲開關S2、電源和導線。
⑴畫出實驗電路圖，并在圖上標出你所選用器材的代碼。
⑵寫出主要的實驗操作步驟。
【解析】⑴實驗電路如右圖所示。
⑵①將S2與Rx相接，記下電流表指針所指位置。②將S2與R1相接，保持R2不變，調節R1的阻值，使電流表的指針指在原位置上，記下R1的值，則Rx＝R1。
3．伏安法：伏安法的測量依據是歐姆定律（包括部分電路歐姆定律和全電路歐姆定律），需要的基本測量儀器是電壓表和電流表，當只有一個電表（或給定的電表不能滿足要求時），可以用標準電阻（電阻箱或一個定值電阻）代替；當電表的內阻已知時，根據歐姆定律I=U/R電壓表同時可以當電流表使用，同樣電流表也可以當電壓表用。
4．伏安法拓展：某些問題中，因實驗器材不具備（缺電流表或電壓表），或因實驗條件限制，或因實驗精度不允許而不能用“伏安法”。這時我們就得依據問題的具體條件和要求重新選擇實驗原理，用“伏安法”的替代形式――“比較法”來設計實驗方案。
⑴利用已知內阻的電壓表:利用“伏伏”法測定值電阻的阻值
【例題】用以下器材測量一待測電阻Rx的阻值（900～1000Ω）：
電源E，具有一定內阻，電動勢約為9.0V；
電壓表V1，量程為1.5V，內阻r1＝750Ω；
電壓表V2，量程為5V，內阻r2＝2500Ω；
滑動變阻器R，最大阻值約為100Ω；
單刀單擲開關K，導線若干。
測量中要求電壓表的讀數不小于其量程的1/3，試畫出測量電阻Rx的一種實驗電路原理圖。
【解析】如圖所示
⑵利用已知內阻的電流表：利用“安安”法測定值電阻的阻值
【例題】用以下器材測量一待測電阻的阻值。器材（代號）與規格如下：
電流表A1（量程250mA,內阻r1為5Ω)；標準電流表A2（量程300mA,內阻r2約為5Ω）；
待測電阻R1（阻值約為100Ω）；滑動變阻器R2（最大阻值10Ω）；
電源E（電動勢約為10V，內阻r 約為1Ω）；單刀單擲開關S，導線若干。
⑴要求方法簡捷，并能測多組數據，畫出實驗電路原理圖，并標明每個器材的代號.
⑵需要直接測量的物理量是_______,用測的量表示待測電阻R1的計算公式是R1＝________。
【解析】⑴實驗電路圖如圖所示。
⑵兩電流表A1、 A2的讀數為I1、I2和電流表A1的內阻為r1，待測電阻R1的阻值的計算公式是：
⑶電壓表、電流表混合用
【例題】有一電阻Rx，其阻值在100～200Ω之間，額定功率為0.25W。要用伏安法較準確地測量它的阻值，實驗器材有：
安培表A1，量程為50mA，RA1=100Ω
安培表A2，量程為1A，RA2=20Ω
電壓表V1，量程為5V，RV1=10kΩ
電壓表V2，量程為15V， RV2=30kΩ
變阻器R1，變阻范圍0～20Ω ，2A
變阻器R2，變阻范圍0～1000Ω，1A
9V電源，電鍵，導線。
⑴實驗中應選用的電流表、電壓表、變阻器分別是： 。
⑵畫出所用實驗電路圖。
【解析】⑴允許通過電阻中電流可能的最大值由：
得，
。因為電阻可能為200Ω，所以通過被測電阻的電流的最大值可能是35mA，應用電流表的示數來控制通過電阻的電流，因此，電流表應選A1。又因為
,所以
。因為電阻可能為100Ω，所以允許加在電阻兩端的電壓的最大值可能是5V，應用電壓表的示數來控制加在電阻兩端的電壓，因此電壓表應選V1。因為R1＜ R2,且2A＞35mA, 所以應選變阻器R1。因為R1＜Rx 所以滑動變阻器連接方式應選用分壓電路。因為<, 所以應選用外接電路。
⑵實驗所用電路如圖所示
【變式題】（2006年廣東）某同學設計了一個如圖甲所示的實驗電路，用以測定電源電動勢和內阻，使用的實驗器材為：待測干電池組（電動勢約3 V）、電流表（量程0.6 A，內阻小于1 Ω）、電阻箱（0～99.99 Ω）、滑動變阻器（0～10 Ω）、單刀雙擲開關、單刀單擲開關各一個及導線若干。考慮到干電池的內阻較小，電流表的內阻不能忽略。
⑴該同學按圖甲連線，通過控制開關狀態，測得電流表內阻約為0.20 Ω。試分析該測量產生誤差的原因是_________________________________________。
⑵簡要寫出利用圖甲所示電路測量電源電動勢和內阻的實驗步驟：
①_____________________________________________________________________ ；
②______________________________________________________________________ ；
⑶圖乙是由實驗數據繪出的
圖象，由此求出待測干電池組的電動勢E＝______V、內阻
r＝______ Ω。（計算結果保留三位有效數字）
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【解析】由測定電源電動勢和內阻實驗的原理知，此種接法出現誤差的原因是電流表的分壓作用。而
，圖線的斜率表示電源電動勢的倒數，據此得出電動勢E＝2.81V, 內 阻
r＝2.33Ω。若不能正確理解圖象的物理意義，則無法得出正確的答案。因此對于實驗中處理數據的圖像的意義，一定要分析清楚。
【答案】⑴并聯電阻箱后線路總阻值減小，從而造成總電流增大
⑵ ①調節電阻箱R，斷開開關K，將開關 S接D，記錄電阻箱的阻值和電流表示數；
②斷開開關D，再次調節電阻箱R，將開關S接D，記錄電阻箱的阻值和電流表示數
⑶ 2.81、2.33
（三）電表內阻的測量方法
1．互測法：
⑴電流表、電壓表各一只，可以測量它們的內阻：
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⑵兩只同種電表，若知道一只的內阻，就可以測另一只的內阻：
⑶兩只同種電表內阻都未知，則需要一只電阻箱才能測定電表的內阻：
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2．替代法：
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3．半偏法：
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4.閉合電路歐姆定律計算法：(不計電源內阻)
【例題1】（2000年全國）從下表中選出適當的實驗器材，設計一電路來測量電流表A1的內阻r1，要求方法簡捷，有盡可能高的測量精度，并能測得多組數據。
⑴在虛線方框中畫出電路圖，標明所用器材的代號。
器材（代號）
規 格
電流表（A1）
量程10mA，內阻r1待測（約40Ω）
電流表（A2）
量程500μA，內阻r2=750Ω
電壓表（V）
量程10V，內阻r3=10Ω
電阻（R1）
阻值約100Ω，作保護電阻用
滑動變阻器（R）
總阻值約50Ω
電池（E）
電動勢1.5V，內阻很小
導線若干，電鍵K
⑵若選測量數據中的一組來計算r1，則所用的表達式為r1=____________，式中各符號的意義是____________。
【解析】⑴如圖所示�！ �
⑵
，I1表示通過電流表A1的電流，I2表示通過電流表A2的電流，
r2表示電流表A2的內阻。
【備考提示】在很多情況下，電壓表和電流表（已知內阻）的功用可以互換。有時利用一塊電表配合定值電阻也可以完成功能的互換。實際上就是部分電路歐姆定律的變形運用。在處理時，一定要明確原理，靈活運用。
【例題2】（2006年全國Ⅰ、Ⅲ）現要測量某一電壓表 的內阻。給定的器材有：待測電壓表
（量程2V，內阻約4kΩ）；電流表
（量程1.2mA，內阻約500Ω）；直流電源E（電動勢約2.4V，內阻不計）；固定電阻3個：R1=4000Ω，R2=10000Ω，R3=15000Ω；電鍵S及導線若干。要求測量時兩電表指針偏轉均超過其量程的一半。
⑴試從3個固定電阻中選用1個，與其它器材一起組成測量電路，并在虛線框內畫出測量電路的原理圖。（要求電路中各器材用題中給定的符號標出。）
⑵電路接通后，若電壓表讀數為U，電流表讀數為I，則電壓表內阻RV =_________。
【解析】⑴實驗電路如圖所示，若選用電阻R1，則并聯電阻
＝2000Ω，電壓表讀數
U＝
?R
＝
×2000＝1.92＞1V，電流表讀數I＝
＝＝0.00096A＝0.96mA＞0.6mA，R1符合要求，同理可得R2、R3不符合要求，故選R1。
⑵電路接通后，通過R1的電流I1＝
，則通過電壓表的電流為I2＝I－I1＝I－，所以電壓表的內阻RV＝
＝
【備考提示】本題涉及實驗器材選取和電路設計等，對考生的分析綜合能力提出了較高要求，解答此類試題必須根據測量要求和所提供的器材，由儀表的選擇原則和基本規律為分析的入手點。
【變式題】
1．（2006年全國Ⅱ）現要測定一個額定電壓4V、額定功率1.6W的小燈泡（圖中用×表示）的伏安特性曲線。要求所測電壓范圍為0.1V～4V。
現有器材：直流電源E（電動勢4.5V，內阻不計），電壓表 （量程4.5V，內阻約為4×104Ω），電流表 （量程250mA，內阻約為2Ω），電流表
（量程500mA，內阻約為1Ω），滑動變阻器R（最大阻值約為30Ω），電鍵S，導線若干。
如果既要滿足測量要求，又要測量誤差較小，應該選用的電流表是 ，下面兩個電路應該選用的是 。
【解析】在測量小燈泡的伏安曲線時，由于題目要求電壓范圍為0.1V～4V，因此滑動變阻器采用分壓式接法。根據估算通過小燈泡的額定電流為I=0.4A，因此電流表應該選用 。在伏安法測量過程中，由于
臨界電阻
大于小燈泡電阻，因此應該選擇電流表外接法即選擇甲電路進行測量。
2．（2006年北京）某同學用如圖所示電路，測繪標有“3.8 V,0.3 V”的小燈泡的燈絲電阻R隨電壓U變化的圖象。
①除了導線和開關外，有以下一些器材可供選擇：
電流表：A 1(量程100 mA,內阻約2Ω)
A2 (量程0.6 A,內阻約0.3Ω)
電壓表：V1(量程5 V,內阻約5Ω)
V2(量程15 V,內阻約15Ω)
電源：E1(電動勢為1.5 V，內阻為0.2Ω)
E2(電動勢為4 V，內阻約為0.04Ω)
為了調節方便，測量準確，實驗中應選用電流表___________，電壓表______________，滑動變阻器________________，電源___________________。(填器材的符號)
②根據實驗數據，計算并描繪出R-U的圖象如圖所示。由圖象可知，此燈泡在不工作時，燈絲電阻為___________；當所加電壓為3.00 V時，燈絲電阻為____________，燈泡實際消耗的電功率為___________W。
③根據R-U圖象，可確定小燈泡耗電功率P與外加電壓U的關系，符合該關系的示意圖是下列圖中的__________。
【解析】①對器材的選用應以安全、實用為原則。小燈泡的額定電壓和額定電流分別為3.8V和0.3A，故電壓表應選V1，電流表A2；由于是分壓接法，故滑動變阻器應選R1，便于調節，電源應選E2。②由圖象可看出：U＝0時，小燈泡不工作，對應電阻為1.5Ω，當U＝3.0V時，對應的電阻為11.5Ω。此時，燈泡實際消耗的功率P＝
＝0.78W。③由R－U圖線可看出，隨U的增大，電阻的變化越來越小，而P＝，隨U的變化，功率P的變化將更加明顯，故選A。
（四）一類借助圖像法處理的上海實驗試題
近幾年的上海高考中，經常出現一類需要借助圖像關系處理的實驗題，該種題目處理技巧性強，并且要求能夠準確理解圖像的物理意義，該類問題對于山東的命題不無導向作用，備考時也應引起足夠的重視。
【例題1】（2004年上海）兩個額定電壓為220V的白熾燈L1和L2的U ? I 特性曲線如圖所示。L2的額定功率約為 W；現將L1和L2串聯后接在220V的電源上，電源內阻忽略不計。此時L2的實際功率約為 W。
【解析】99，17.5
【備考提示】本題借助于圖像信息，考查了用電器功率的計算以及用電器的串并聯關系，解答時充分挖掘圖像信息是解答的關鍵所在。同時要注意將L1和L2串聯后接在220V的電源上時，在圖像中的表達信息為：L1和L2在某一相同電流值下，電壓和為220V，很多學生不能找出該隱含條件，從而造成第二問感到無從下手。
【例題2】（2004年上海）小燈泡燈絲的電阻會隨溫度的升高而變大。某同學為研究這一現象，用實驗得到如下數據（I和U分別表示小燈泡上的電流和電壓）：
I ( A )
0.12
0.21
0.29
0.34
0.38
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.50
U (V )
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
⑴在左下框中畫出實驗電路圖。 可用的器材有：電壓表、電流表、滑線變阻器（變化范圍0 ― 10 Ω）、電源、小燈泡、電鍵、導線若干。
⑵在右圖中畫出小燈泡的U ? I 曲線。
 |
⑶如果將本題中的小燈泡接在電動勢是1.5V，內阻是2.0 Ω的電池兩端，小燈泡的實際功率是多少？（簡要寫出求解過程；若需作圖，可直接畫在第⑵小題的方格圖中）
【解析】⑴分壓器接法（如下圖所示）。⑵如下圖所示。⑶作出電源的U＝E－Ir圖線，該圖線與小燈泡的U ? I 曲線相交于一點，由此可得小燈泡工作電流為0.35
A，工作電壓為0.80 V，實際功率為0.28 W。
【備考提示】《研究小燈泡的伏安特性曲線》是高考考綱中規定的學生實驗，對⑴⑵兩問學生在實驗復習中已基本掌握，而第⑶問則對實驗數據的處理進行了拓展、延伸，對小燈泡的實際功率無計算公式，只能在小燈泡的伏安特性曲線上畫出電池的U―I圖線，然后找出兩曲線的交點，從而確定此時燈泡的工作狀態，得到實際工作功率。這考查了學生對小燈泡的伏安特性曲線的理解和實驗數據處理的能力。同時也要深入理解圖線交點與電路工作狀態的對應關系。
【變式題】
1．（2003年上海）如圖所示，圖1為某一熱敏電阻(電阻值隨溫度的改變而改變，且對溫度很敏感)的I-U關系曲線圖。
⑴為了通過測量得到圖1所示I-U關系的完整曲線，在圖2和圖3兩個電路中應選擇的是圖_____；簡要說明理由 。（設滑線變阻器兩端電壓恒為9V，滑線變阻器的阻值為0～100Ω）。
 |
 |
||||
  |
|||||
⑵在圖4電路中，電源電壓恒為9V，電流表讀數為70mA，定值電阻R1=250Ω。由熱敏電阻的I-U關系曲線可知，熱敏電阻兩端的電壓為________V；電阻R2的阻值為_____ _ Ω。
⑶舉出一個可以應用熱敏電阻的例子：_________________________ 。
【解析】⑴2；圖2電路電壓可從0V調到所需電壓，調節范圍較大。（或圖3電路不能測得0V附近的數據） ⑵5.2；111.8（111.6－112.0均給分） ⑶熱敏溫度計（提出其他實例，只要合理均給分）
2．（2005年上海）右圖中圖線①表示某電池組的輸出電壓――電流關系，圖線②表示其輸出功率――電流關系。該電池組的內阻為＿＿＿＿＿Ω。當電池組的輸出功率為120W時，電池組的輸出電壓是＿＿＿＿＿V。
【解析】5，30
3．（2006年上海）表格中所列數據是測量小燈泡U―I關系的實驗數據：
U/(V)
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
I/(A)
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.180
0.195
0.205
0.215
⑴分析上表內實驗數據可知，應選用的實驗電路圖是圖 （填“甲”或“乙”）
⑵在方格紙內畫出小燈泡的U―I曲線。分析曲線可知小燈泡的電阻隨I變大而
（填“變大”、“變小”或“不變”）
⑶如圖丙所示，用一個定值電阻R和兩個上述小燈泡組成串并聯電路，連接到內阻不計、電動勢為3V的電源上。已知流過電阻R的電流是流過燈泡b電流的兩倍，則流過燈泡b的電流約為 A。
【解析】⑴由小燈泡 U―I關系的實驗數據可得，電路中燈泡兩端的電壓可調為0，只有甲電路具有此功能，而乙圖的電路不具此功能。故確定實驗電路為甲。
⑵U―I曲線如右圖所示，由所做出的U―I曲線知，曲線上各點與原點連線的斜率越來越大，說明燈泡的電阻越來越大。
⑶設b中的電流為I，依題意知a中的電流為3I，由
，
，
及
，可估計
。從曲線上得此時
。
四川省樂山市高中2009屆第二次調查研究考試
文科綜合能力測試
本試卷分為第I卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（綜合題）兩部分。第1卷l―6頁，第Ⅱ卷7―14頁。共300分。
第I卷 （選擇題140分）
注意事項：
1．答第Ⅰ卷前，考生務必將自己的姓名、考生號、考試科目涂在答題卡上。
2．每小題選出答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對應題目的答案標號涂黑。如需改動，用像皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標號。不能答在試題卷上。
3．考試結束后，將題和答案一并交回。
陜西省寶雞市2009年高三教學質量檢測（二）
理科綜合能力試題
注意事項：
1．本試題共300分�？荚嚂r間150分鐘
2．考生一律將答案涂寫在答題卡相應的位置上，不能答在試卷上。
3．考試結束，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。
可能用到的相對原子質量：H
絕密★啟用前 試卷類型：A
2009年深圳市高三年級第二次調研考試
數學（理科） 2009.5
本試卷共6頁，21小題，滿分150分.考試用時120分鐘.
注意事項：
1．答卷前，考生首先檢查答題卡是否整潔無缺損，監考教師分發的考生信息條形碼是否正確；之后務必用0.5毫米黑色字跡的簽字筆在答題卡指定位置填寫自己的學校、姓名和考生號，同時，將監考教師發放的條形碼正向準確粘貼在答題卡的貼條形碼區，請保持條形碼整潔、不污損.
2．選擇題每小題選出答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對應題目的答案標號涂黑，如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其它答案，答案不能答在試卷上.不按要求填涂的，答案無效.
3．非選擇題必須用0.5毫米黑色字跡的簽字筆作答，答案必須寫在答題卡各題目指定區域內相應位置上，請注意每題答題空間，預先合理安排；如需改動，先劃掉原來的答案，然后再寫上新的答案；不準使用鉛筆和涂改液.不按以上要求作答的答案無效.
4．作答選做題時，請先用2B鉛筆填涂選做題的題號對應的信息點，再做答.漏涂、錯涂、多涂的答案無效.
5．考生必須保持答題卡的整潔，考試結束后，將答題卡交回.
參考公式：
錐體的體積公式
, 其中
是錐體的底面積, 
是錐體的高.
現在完成時專題講座：
一、基本結構：have (has) + done
二、基本概念：
1. 過去發生的一個動作 或者存在的某個狀態，對現在造成了影響或者結果；（這里的動詞需要用結束性動詞）
He ______ (die).
The war _______ (break) out.
2. 過去發生的一個動作或存在的某個狀態，一直持續到現在，對現在造成了影響或者結果。(這里的動詞需要用延續性動詞)
He ______ (be) a teacher for ten years.
He _______ (be) a teacher since ten years ago.
We _______ (work) at this school for 3 years.
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