重慶市十二校2OO9年高三第一次質(zhì)量調(diào)研抽測(cè)試卷
數(shù)學(xué)文科 2009.03
本試卷分第Ⅰ卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題）兩部分。滿分150分。考試時(shí)間120分鐘。
第I卷（選擇題，共60分）
杭十四中二??八學(xué)年第二學(xué)期期中考試
高二年級(jí)英語學(xué)科試卷
I.聽力(共兩節(jié)，滿分10分）
第一節(jié)（共5小題，每題1分，滿分5分）
聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)問題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。
1. What do we know about the woman?
A. She is very fond of gardening.
B. She prefers to play in the garden
C. She is not satisfied with her garden.
2. When does the conversation take place?
A. At 5:45
B. At 5:
3. What is the weather usually like in May?
A. It’s colder and rainier. B. It’s cooler and drier. C. It’s hotter and sunnier.
4. What language is mostly used in the man’s classes?
A. The English language. B. The students’ language. C. Both languages in turn.
5. What are the speakers mainly talking about?
A. The nation’s progress. B. Personal and local matters C. Americans’ way of thinking.
第二節(jié)（共5小題，每題1分，滿分5分）
聽下面2段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題,每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。
聽第6段材料，回答第6至7題。
6. What are the two speakers mainly talking about?
A. The use of a machine. B. The trouble of a machine. C. The directions for a machine.
7. What can we learn from the conversation?
A. Something is wrong with the machine.
B. The man can’t operate the machine properly.
C. The woman will help the man with the machine.
聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。
8. When did this university start?
A. In the 17th century. B. In the 18th century. C. In the 19th century.
9. What once caused the university to close?
A. The Civil War. B. Some women and groups C. The small number of students
10. What do we know about the university?
A. It was the largest in the States then.
B. It only enrolls women and small groups.
C. It will give education to more kinds of people.
Ⅱ.單項(xiàng)選擇(共20小題，每題0.5分，滿分10分）
11.The
A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. 不填; the
12.The book is of great value. _______ can be enjoyed unless you digest it．
A. Nothing B. Something C. Everything D. Anything
13.The young man we’ve just talked to is a traveler ______ parents visited us last year.
A. that B. whose C. whom D. which
14.Being able to speak another language fluently is a great ______ when you’re looking for a job.
A. chance B. success C. effort D. advantage
15.The ground has been cleared and houses ______ for those homeless people now.
A. build B. have built C. are built D. are being built
16.Only when the war was over ________to his hometown.
A. did the young soldier return B. the young soldier returned
C. returned the young soldier D. the young soldier did return
17.He was busy yesterday, otherwise he ______ to the meeting.
A. would come B. would have been C. could have been D. would be
18.The nurse found a little boy in the corner of the room, ______ and crying.
A. frightened B. frightening C. being frightened D. having frightened
19.
A. by the time B. at the time C. every time D. in the time
20.My cousin left for
A. wouldn’t see B. hadn’t seen C. haven’t seen D. didn’t see
21._____ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.
A. What is required B. What requires C. It is required D. As is required
22.You should make it a rule to leave things ________you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then D. there
23.―I had a really good weekend at my uncle’s
― _______.
A. Oh, that’s very nice of you B. Congratulations C. It’s a pleasure D. Oh, I’m glad to hear that
24.With the world population ______ to increase, our demand for energy is also growing.
A. to continue B. continue C. continuing D. continued
25.―Where is my reference book? It was here a moment ago?
―Someone _____ it by mistake.
A. must have taken B. must take C. should have taken D.could have taken
26.A _____ of $ 2, 000 will be paid to whoever brings back the lost jewellery to its owner.
A. appreciation B. sympathy C. reward D. guarantee
27.The speaker talked about sports in general and about football _______.
A. in particular B. in addition C. in all D. in store
28.What we need is a better transport system, ______, more buses and trains and fewer cars.
A. as a result B. in other words C. as a matter of fact D. by the way
29.I hope the week long holiday will be ______ to your health.
A. steady B. potential C. beneficial D. ambitious
30.When I was looking through my family’s old photos the other day, I ______ a photo of my parents’ wedding.
A. came about B. came after C. came to D. came across
Ⅲ.完形填空(共20小題，每題1分，滿分20分）
Bette Nesmith Graham was a single mother who
lived in
At that time, typewriters used a carbon film
ribbon(打字機(jī)色帶)，and
it was hard to correct typing 33 on the paper. Graham found a 34 way. She decided that she would do what
painters did to 35 their mistakes ― paint over them. She
took her water-based paint to work,
Her boss never 38 the mistakes. When another secretary asked for some of her 39 correcting liquid, Graham found a bottle at home, wrote "Mistake Out" on a label, and gave it to her. 40 all the other secretaries in the building wanted some, too.
By 1956, Graham’s invention became so 41 that she turned her kitchen into a
laboratory and made bottles of “Mistake Out” using her electric mixer. When 42 grew, Graham changed the name of “Mistake
Out” to “Liquid Paper” and
By 1975, the company Liquid Paper 44 200 people, and was quite successful. Graham 45 the company four years later to Gillette for 46 $ 50 million.
In the late 1970s, Bette Graham 47 the Bette Clair McMurray Foundation to
help women. She described herself
31.A. tough B. simple C. possible D. easy
32.A. manager B. writer C. secretary D. painter
33.A. signs B. letters C. mistakes D. words
34.A. cleaner B. better C. wider D. smoother
35.A. cross out B. get out C. throw away D. cover up
36.A. instead of B. because of C. along with D. away with
37.A. size B. color C. pattern D. quality
38.A. noticed B. remembered C. made D. presented
39.A. special B. clever C. direct D. famous
40.A. Late B. Soon C. Lately D. Nowadays
41.A. suitable B. popular C. bright D. effective
42.A. number B. damage C. complaint D. demand
43.A. applied for B. stand for C. look for D. pay for
44.A. served B. interviewed C. fired D. employed
45.A. enlarge B. change C. sold D. devoted
46.A. merely B. nearly C. hardly D. wholly
47.A. took over B. put off C. turned down D. set up
48.A. as B. into C. like D. of
49.A. oneself B. ourselves C. herself D. yourselves
50.A. fortune B. position C. company D. quantity
Ⅳ.閱讀理解(共20小題，每題2分，滿分40分）
A
Students who say they never or hardly ever used dictionaries may speak English well but usually write poorly, because they make many mistakes.
The students who use dictionaries most do not learn especially well either. The ones who look up every new word do not read fast. Therefore they do not have time to read much. Those who use small two-language dictionaries have the worst problems. Their dictionaries often give only one or two words as translations of English. But one English word often has many translations in a foreign language and one foreign word has many translations in English.
The most successful students are those who use large college edition dictionaries with about 100,000 words but do not use them too often. When they are reading, these students first try to get the general idea and understand new words from the context. Then they reread and use the dictionary to look up only key words that they still do not understand. They use dictionaries more for writing. If they are not sure how to spell a word, they always use a dictionary. Also, if they think a noun might have an unusual plural form, they check this in a dictionary.
51.According to the passage, which of the following is WRONG?
A. Dictionaries have little effect on learning to speak English.
B. Whatever new words you meet while reading, never use dictionaries.
C. Small two-language dictionaries have serious shortcomings.
D. Reading something for the first time, you’d better not use dictionaries.
52.This passage mainly tells us .
A. that students shouldn’t use small two-language dictionaries
B. what were the shortcomings of small two-language dictionaries
C. why students should use large college edition dictionaries
D. what dictionary students should choose and how to use it
53.Which is NOT mentioned in this passage?
A. How to make good use of a dictionary. B. When to use a dictionary.
C. How to improve spoken English. D. How to practice reading fast.
B
When she
looked ahead, Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body
was numb(全身麻木). She had
been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim
the
On that fourth of July morning in 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense she could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her lone figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the cold sea, she struggled on ---- hour after hour ---- while millions watched on national television.
Alongside
She told a reporter hours later, "Look, I'm not excusing myself, but if I could have seen land I might have made it." It was not tiredness or even the cold water that defeated her. It was the fog. She was unable to see her goal.
Two months later, she tried again. This time, despite the same dense fog, she swam with her goal clearly pictured in her mind. She knew that somewhere behind that fog was land and this time she made it! Florence Chadwick became the first woman to swim the Catalina Channel, eclipsing(超出) the men's record by two hours!
54.Florence Chadwick was the first woman to swim across ________.
A. the
C. the
55.
A. the sharks B. the tiredness C. the cold water D. the bad weather
56.The underlined word “then” in this passage refers to the period when _______.
A. she had swum nearly sixteen hours B. sharks swam toward her
C. she couldn’t see her support boats D. millions of people watched her on TV
57.We can infer from the passage that it was ______ that resulted in her success.
A. her family’s encouragement B. her iron will C. her swimming skills D. the good weather
C
The
The
This is not a quiet place and children are allowed to have fun here. Child safety is extremely important and a member of staff remains by the front door at all times. Also, note the “Code of Behavior” notice, which includes: children under 12 must be supervised by an adult; no eating in the galleries and no running.
Toy exhibits are in glass cases and there are plenty of low-level exhibits for younger children to see. The glass cases have lots of thought-inspiring questions on them to encourage discussion between adults and children. When you or the children need some quiet time, there are sofas at either end of the second floor with reading books available.
Pros: Many free activities for kids
Cons: Can be too warm inside
Visit Duration: 1.5 hours
Opening Hours: 10:
The Museum is closed on 25 and 26 December and 1 January every year.
Admission: Admission the Museum is free. There is a small charge for some activities.
58.In the
A. people can reach any floor by elevator B. there are sofas at either end of the first floor
C. there are exhibits on the museum history D. the Information Desk can be found on each floor
59.The Museum of Childhood may be attractive to _______.
A. parents who only have children under 12 B. children who are fond of toy exhibits
C. parents and children who need quiet time D. kids who like playing games with their parents
60.What is the disadvantage of the museum?
A. Low-level exhibits are too boring. B. Children may feel slightly hot in it.
C. Parents have to stay with their kids. D. No staff members attend to the kids.
61.What information can we get about the museum?
A.
All the activities for children are free. B.
The museum is located in west
C. Children are allowed to enter after 5:30. D. The museum is unavailable on Christmas Day.
D
A quick look at the lengths of children’s index and ring fingers can be used to predict how well students will perform in education tests, new research claims.
Kids with longer ring fingers compared to index fingers are likely to have higher math scores than literacy or verbal scores in the entrance exam for primary school, while children with the reverse finger-length ratio are likely to have higher reading and writing, or verbal, scores versus(與......相對(duì)) math scores.
Scientists have known that different levels of the hormones testosterone(雄性激素)and estrogen (雌性激素) in the womb(子宮) account for the different finger lengths, which are a reflection of areas of the brain that are more highly developed than others, said psychologist Mark Brosnan of the University of Bath in Britain, who led the study.
Exposure to testosterone in the womb is said to promote development of areas of the brain often associated with spatial(空間的) and mathematical skills, he said. That hormone makes the ring finger longer. Estrogen exposure does the same for areas of the brain associated with verbal ability and tends to lengthen the index finger relative to the ring finger.
To test the link to children's scores on the Scholastic Assessment Test, Brosnan and his colleagues made photocopies of children's palms and measured the length of their index and ring fingers. They used the finger-length ratios as a proxy(參照指標(biāo)) for the levels of testosterone and estrogen exposure.
The researchers then looked at boys' and girls' test performances separately and compared them to finger-length ratio measurements. They found a clear link between high prenatal testosterone exposure, indicated by the longer ring finger compared to the index finger, and higher scores on the math SAT.
Similarly, they found higher literacy SAT scores for the girls among those who had lower prenatal testosterone exposure, as indicated by a shorter ring finger compared with the index finger.
62.It’s likely that if a Chinese child with a longer index finger than his ring finger, he will probably get good marks in ______.
A. math B. physics C. chemistry D. Chinese
63.The underlined word “reverse” in Paragraph Two probably means_______.
A. similar B. opposite C. indifferent D. strange
64.What can make your index finger longer than your ring finger according to the research?
A. Estrogen. B. Testosterone. C. Vitamin. D. Vegetables.
65.Which of the following statements is NOT correct in the passage?
A. A child with a longer index finger than his ring finger will fail in the math exam.
B. Girls with shorter ring fingers get higher literacy SAT scores.
C. Kids with longer ring fingers are likely to have higher math scores.
D. The length of the finger has something to do with hormones.
第二節(jié): 任務(wù)型閱讀
Phyllis、Chris、Dora、Fred 和William 準(zhǔn)備去市圖書館查閱資料。第66 至夜70 題是他們各自的情況介紹。閱讀下面六本參考書的簡(jiǎn)介(A、B、C、D、E 和F)，選出符合各人需要的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有一項(xiàng)是多余選項(xiàng)。
_____ 66. Phyllis is a lecturer of English.
Her recent research is mainly about the changes of the English language in the
world. She is looking for a book that describes the varieties of English in different
parts of the world, particularly in
_____ 67. Chris, a college student of biology, is preparing his term paper. While he is reading some research papers written in English, he comes across many new technical words. He wants to look up those words in a dictionary.
_____ 68. Dora plans to start her own business, but she needs to know more about how to run a business, such as how to choose qualified people, how to make a budget, and how to increase sales.
_____ 69. Fred is a senior student of English. For his term paper, he’ll write about the differences between British English and American English in spelling and usage. He is looking for a reference book.
_____ 70. William is a young researcher in the field of earth sciences. At present, he is writing a research paper on environmental protection for an English magazine. He wants to make sure his paper is written in the correct style.
A. Successful Executive’s Handbook
This book is an important resource to support businessmen, giving them useful suggestions about business management. A special section provides a comprehensive list of the best books, seminars and websites designed specifically for CEOs. The Handbook will help you: create a clear business vision; plan for self-development; attract & develop talent for your company; develop a global perspective.
B. Roget’s International Thesaurus
This dictionary features thousands of new words and phrases, including the newest slang words and expressions that color and inform everyday language. It includes more than 330,000 words and phrases organized into 1,075 categories, thousands of cross-references as well as hundreds of quotations that further explain the meanings of selected words.
C. A British-American American-British Dictionary
Easy to read，the dictionary explains clearly differences in vocabulary，usage, pronunciation, and spelling. It also explains the history of English language and how and why differences between American and British English arose. The most thorough book of its kind, it contains more than 2,500 entries of British and American English words.
D. Simon and Schuster Handbook for Writers
This is a self-instruction book for academic, personal, business, and public audience writing. The book covers writing college-level essays, source-based arguments, and research paper; thinking and reading critically; using documentation style correctly; designing documents; writing for the Web; writing for business, writing about literature, etc.
E. A Dictionary of the Roots and Combining Forms of Scientific Words
This dictionary is useful to students from many fields, particular1y those from medical and biological backgrounds. Within this book are over 12, 800 entries, plus some common terms for animals, plants and structures, activities and habitats; shapes, sizes, colors, textures, patterns, numbers , quantity, direction and location, etc.
F. The Story of English
The book offers a wide-ranging account of the
travels and changes of the English tongue from its beginnings to tomorrow, from
V.書面表達(dá)（滿分20分）
中學(xué)生相互交流的途徑很多。請(qǐng)你圍繞“Ways to share opinions with each other”這一話題，按照下列要點(diǎn)寫一篇英語短文：
1．相互交流的途徑：討論、打電話、使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)等
2．我的做法及理由：……
注意：詞數(shù) 100 ~ 120，文章的開頭已給出（不計(jì)詞數(shù)）。
There are various ways for us middle school students to share opinions with each other.
附加題 （滿分20分）
VI.課文填空（共10小題，每題1分，滿分10分）
根據(jù)所學(xué)課文內(nèi)容及所給單詞的首字母，寫出各單詞正確的完全形式。
A
In many ways my disability has helped me grow stronger p 71___ and become more independent. I have to work hard to live a normal life but it has been w 72 it. If I had a chance to say one thing to healthy children, it would be this: having a disability does not mean your life is not s 73 . So don’t feel sorry for the d 74 or make fun of them, and don’t ignore them either. Just accept them for who they are, and give them e 75 to live as rich and full a life as you do.
B
I was a 76 as a volcanologist working for the
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory(HVO) twenty years ago. My job is collecting
information for a database about
VII.短文改錯(cuò)
假如英語課上老師要求同學(xué)們交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫的作文。文中共有十處語言錯(cuò)誤，要求你在錯(cuò)誤的地方增加、刪除或修改某個(gè)詞。
增加：在缺詞處加上一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)（∧），并在其下面寫上該加的詞。
刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。
修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫上修改后的詞。
注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及修改均僅限一詞；
2.只允許修改十處，多者（從第11處起）不計(jì)分。
Dear Mr. Donforth,
I’m writing to ask you come to our class for a visit.
I’ve heard that you have been to
高二年級(jí)英語學(xué)科試卷評(píng)分細(xì)則
I.聽力(共10小題，每題1分，滿分10分）
1―5 ACBAC 6―10 ABBAC
II.單項(xiàng)選擇(共20小題，每題0.5分，滿分10分）
11―15 BABDD 16―20 ABACC 21―25 CBDCA 26―30 CABCD
III.完形填空(共20小題，每題1分，滿分20分）
31―35 ACCBD 36―40 CBAAB 41―45 BDADC 46―50 BDACA
IV.閱讀理解(共20小題，每題2分，滿分40分）
51―55 BDCBD 56―60 ABABB 61―65 DDBAA 66―70 FEACD
V.書面表達(dá)（滿分20分）
One possible student version:
There are various ways for us middle school students to share opinions with each other. One way is to hold discussions, where we can freely exchange our views. We can also make use of the phone and the Internet. Making phone calls is very convenient, yet sending messages is more popular among us. Sometimes, we can send each other emails, in which more information can be included and we can express our opinions more clearly.
Personally, I think talking face to face is the best way to share opinions. In this way, I can express myself more comfortably. Meanwhile, I can sense how others feel and learn what they think. With the help of body language, I can make myself better understood.
附加題
VI. 課文填空(共10小題，每題1分，滿分10分）
71. psychologically 72. worth 73. satisfying 74. disabled 75. encouragement
76. appointed 77. evaluated 78. scientists 79. path 80. Unfortunately
VII.短文改錯(cuò)((共10處錯(cuò)誤，每處1分，滿分10分）
Dear Mr. Donforth,
I’m writing to ask you come
to our class for a visit. I’ve heard that you have been to
∧to
unit, we have
been learning about it’s rich culture and long history. Since you have
visited
its
so I would like to know whether you have seen the old buildings here. We have learned a lot from the text book,
去掉so there
but I
believe you personal experience will be a lot of better. Your knowledges
of
your 去掉of knowledge
Could you share you experiences for us? It will be surely exciting and rewarding. I hoped that you think about my
with hope
request and visit us as soon as possibly.
possible
聽力原文
Text 1
M: Gardening's too much like hard work for me. If I have time to spare, I like to play tennis or go for long country walks.
W: Well, I think of gardening as play, not as work. I'm never as happy as when I’m busy in the garden.
Text 2
W: When is our plane to take off?
M: At half past five.
W: Oh dear! That only leaves us 15 minutes to go through customs and check our baggage.
Text 3
W: What a hot day! Do you always have weather like this in May?
M: Generally it's much better than this. And I can't remember when we had such a rainy day.
Text 4
W: To teach those students English, do you have to speak their language quite well?
M: No. quite the contrary. They benefit most when the class is organized entirely in the foreign language.
Text 5
W: Americans tend to think from the particular and small to the general and large.
M: For example?
W: We've just seen an example of this in the fact that they progress from personal and local matters to the state and finally the nation ― not the other way around.
Text 6
M: This machine drives me mad.
W: How come?
M: Well, most of the time, it's fine. I rent a movie and I put it in and press ON. But the other day, I wanted to program it, like, to record a show. So, I read the directions. And I followed them exactly, you know, step by step, but then, nothing. It didn't record.
W: Is there anything wrong with the machine?
M: With the machine? No. There’s something wrong with me. I’m no good with, like, electronic equipment.
Text 10
M: Good
morning, and I'd like to welcome all of you to the
高三化學(xué)攻關(guān)三十六法之――實(shí)驗(yàn)安全
實(shí)驗(yàn)安全是化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的重要內(nèi)容，因?qū)嶒?yàn)時(shí)常被忽視，使相關(guān)考題具有了一定難度。
●難點(diǎn)磁場(chǎng)
請(qǐng)?jiān)囎鱿铝蓄}目，然后自我界定學(xué)習(xí)本篇是否需要。
下列關(guān)于實(shí)驗(yàn)的基本操作及安全知識(shí)的敘述，正確的是(填序號(hào))________。
A.將玻璃管折斷時(shí)，須將挫痕向外，拇指在內(nèi)，其余四指在外，用三分推力、七分拉力折斷玻璃管
B.附著于試管內(nèi)壁上的硫，可用熱堿液洗滌
C.干燥SO2時(shí)，可以將其通過盛有濃H2SO4的U型干燥管
D.切割白磷時(shí)，必須用鑷子夾取，置于桌面的玻璃片上，小心用小刀切割
E.實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，萬一酒精被打翻引起酒精燃燒，應(yīng)立即用濕布蓋住火焰
F.萬一金屬鎂失火燃燒，不可用CO2撲滅，但可用CCl4撲滅
●案例探究
[例題]在一定條件下用普通鐵粉和水蒸氣反應(yīng)，可以得到鐵的氧化物，該氧化物又可以經(jīng)過此反應(yīng)的逆反應(yīng)，生成顆粒很細(xì)的鐵粉。這種鐵粉具有很高的反應(yīng)活性，在空氣中受撞擊或受熱時(shí)會(huì)燃燒，所以俗稱“引火鐵”。請(qǐng)分別用圖43―1中示意的兩套儀器裝置，制取上述鐵的氧化物和“引火鐵”。實(shí)驗(yàn)中必須使用普通鐵粉和6 mol?L－1鹽酸，其他試劑自選(裝置中必要的鐵架臺(tái)、鐵夾、鐵圈、石棉網(wǎng)、加熱設(shè)備等在圖中均已略去)。
圖43―1
填寫下列空白：
(1)實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行時(shí)試管A中應(yīng)加入的試劑是________；燒瓶B的作用是________；燒瓶C的作用是________；在試管D中收集得到的是________。
(2)實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，U型管G中應(yīng)加入的試劑是________；長(zhǎng)頸漏斗H中應(yīng)加入________。
(3)兩套裝置中，在實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)需要加熱的儀器是(填該儀器對(duì)應(yīng)的字母)________。
(4)燒瓶Ⅰ中發(fā)生的反應(yīng)有時(shí)要加入少量硫酸銅溶液，其目的是________。
(5)試管E中發(fā)生反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式是________。
(6)為了安全，在E管中的反應(yīng)發(fā)生前，在F出口處必須________；E管中的反應(yīng)開始后，在F出口處應(yīng)________。
命題意圖：考查學(xué)生區(qū)分并選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置完成化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)、解決實(shí)驗(yàn)問題的能力。
知識(shí)依托：H2的制法、除雜、干燥及有關(guān)性質(zhì)，F(xiàn)e與H2O(g)的反應(yīng)，原電池原理，實(shí)驗(yàn)安全常識(shí)。
錯(cuò)解分析：不能區(qū)分兩套裝置而錯(cuò)解，不了解原電池原理而錯(cuò)解，不了解實(shí)驗(yàn)安全裝置而錯(cuò)解。
解題思路：有關(guān)反應(yīng)為：①3Fe＋4H2O(g)攻關(guān)三十六法之――實(shí)驗(yàn)安全.files/image002.gif)
Fe3O4＋4H2↑，②Fe3O4＋4H23Fe＋4H2O，③Zn＋2HCl====ZnCl2＋H2↑。
題中兩個(gè)裝置圖，非常相似，因此具有一定迷惑性。由于圖(1)中長(zhǎng)頸漏斗和燒瓶可產(chǎn)生H2，因而此裝置適合反應(yīng)②的發(fā)生(突破口)。所以A中放置的是Fe粉。那么B中必須盛水，且應(yīng)予以加熱，以產(chǎn)生水蒸氣，使①反應(yīng)發(fā)生。顯然，當(dāng)B中出氣不均，發(fā)生倒吸時(shí)，C的作用顯露出來：安全瓶。D中應(yīng)為H2。若用C來提供水蒸氣，則水蒸氣無法到達(dá)A中，因?yàn)閺腃向右裝置密封。
產(chǎn)生的H2中混有H2O(g)和HCl氣體是顯然的，G中應(yīng)加堿性干燥劑，為減少HCl的揮發(fā)，H中應(yīng)加稀鹽酸。制取H2時(shí)，加入CuSO4，活潑金屬與被置換出并覆蓋在其表面上的Cu形成原電池可加快產(chǎn)出H2的速率。
F處導(dǎo)出的H2，應(yīng)予以驗(yàn)純，否則點(diǎn)燃酒精燈加熱E，可能發(fā)生爆炸。
答案：(1)Fe粉 用來產(chǎn)生H2O(g) 防止倒吸(或用作安全瓶) H2
(2)NaOH(s)(或堿石灰、CaO等堿性固體干燥劑) 6 mol?L－1 HCl(aq)
(3)A、B、E
(4)加快H2產(chǎn)生速率
(5)Fe3O4＋4H2=====3Fe＋4H2O
(6)收集并檢驗(yàn)H2純度 點(diǎn)燃H2
攻關(guān)三十六法之――實(shí)驗(yàn)安全.files/image004.jpg)
●錦囊妙計(jì)
常見實(shí)驗(yàn)安全裝置有以下幾種：
1.防倒吸安全裝置
攻關(guān)三十六法之――實(shí)驗(yàn)安全.files/image006.jpg)
圖43―2
2.防堵塞安全裝置
攻關(guān)三十六法之――實(shí)驗(yàn)安全.files/image008.jpg)
圖43―3
3.防倒火安全裝置
攻關(guān)三十六法之――實(shí)驗(yàn)安全.files/image010.jpg)
圖43―4
4.防污染安全裝置
攻關(guān)三十六法之――實(shí)驗(yàn)安全.files/image012.jpg)
圖43―5
●殲滅難點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練
1.(★★★)進(jìn)行化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，必須注意安全，下列說法正確的是(填寫標(biāo)號(hào))________。
A.不慎將酸濺到眼中，應(yīng)立即用水沖洗，邊洗邊眨眼睛
B.不慎將濃堿溶液沾到皮膚上，要立即用大量水沖洗，然后涂上硼酸溶液
C.如果苯酚濃液沾到皮膚上，應(yīng)立即用酒精洗
D.配制硫酸溶液時(shí)，可先在量筒內(nèi)加入一定體積的水，再在攪拌下慢慢加入濃硫酸
2.(★★★★)工業(yè)上生產(chǎn)鹽酸，必須先合成氯化氫氣體，生產(chǎn)中得到的氯化氫氣體中或多或少都會(huì)含有生成氯化氫的一種反應(yīng)物，將該混合物用蒸水吸收可得一定濃度的純鹽酸，此過程中逸出的氣體可以循環(huán)利用。
(1)寫出工業(yè)電解食鹽水制取H2和Cl2的化學(xué)方程式：________。
(2)工業(yè)上要得到純鹽酸并保障工人工作安全，如何合成氯化氫是關(guān)鍵的一步。則下列合成氯化氫氣體的方法能達(dá)到生產(chǎn)目的的是________。
A.點(diǎn)燃H2和Cl2的混合物，二者體積(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下測(cè)定)比為1∶1最合適。
B.點(diǎn)燃H2和Cl2的混合物，二者體積(同溫同壓下測(cè)定)比不應(yīng)為1∶1。
C.純凈的H2在過量的Cl2中安靜地燃燒。
D.純凈的Cl2在過量的H2中安靜地燃燒。
3.(★★★★)已知H2的爆炸極限是4.0%~74%(體積分?jǐn)?shù))。某H2中含有0.8%(體積分?jǐn)?shù))的O2，甲學(xué)生用它還原CuO，設(shè)計(jì)了如圖43―6所示裝置(夾持裝置已略去)：
攻關(guān)三十六法之――實(shí)驗(yàn)安全.files/image014.jpg)
圖43―6
請(qǐng)回答下列問題：
(1)實(shí)驗(yàn)開始，應(yīng)將酒精燈放在a管的________
A.左端 B.中間 C.右端
然后，使酒精燈緩緩向另一端移動(dòng)，以保證CuO完全被還原。
(2)a管右端略向下傾斜的原因是_______________。
a管中石棉絨的作用是 。
b管中Cu網(wǎng)的作用是 。
(3)經(jīng)觀察黑色CuO已完全變?yōu)榧t色，能否表明CuO已完全被還原為Cu，為什么？
4.(★★★★★)1，2―二溴乙烷可作汽油抗爆劑的添加劑。常溫下它是無色液體，密度為2.18 g?mL－1，沸點(diǎn)為131.4℃，熔點(diǎn)為9.79℃，不溶于水，易溶于醇、醚、丙酮等有機(jī)溶劑。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中可以用如圖43―7所示裝置制備1，2―二溴乙烷。其中分液漏斗和燒瓶a中裝有乙醇和濃硫酸的混合液，試管d中裝有液溴(表面覆蓋少量水)。
攻關(guān)三十六法之――實(shí)驗(yàn)安全.files/image016.jpg)
圖43―7
填寫下列空白：
(1)寫出本題中制備1，2―二溴乙烷的兩個(gè)化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式① ，② 。
(2)安全瓶b可以防止倒吸，并可以檢查實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行時(shí)試管d是否發(fā)生堵塞。請(qǐng)寫出發(fā)生堵塞時(shí)瓶b中的現(xiàn)象： 。
(3)容器c中NaOH溶液的作用是：_____________。
(4)某學(xué)生在做此實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，使用一定量的液溴，當(dāng)溴全部褪色時(shí)，所消耗乙醇和濃硫酸混合液的量，比正常情況下超出許多。如果裝置的氣密性沒有問題，試分析其可能的原因。
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