82615205
A. covers B.
writes C.
prints D.
reads
24. If your
race car isn’t insured, you may losing
everything when it hits something solid.
A. delay B.
deny C.
avoid D.
risk
25. The coach
asked his staff to
the large group of journalists waiting for him to announce his
training plans.
A. adapt to B.
attend to C.
refer to D.
appeal to
26. London, the city that will
host the 2012 Summer Games,
an eight-minute show featuring football star David Beckham.
A. rely on B.
put on C.
concentrate on D.
feed on
27. Some miners
were trapped when the local mine was flooded, but luckily, 400 kilograms of
milk
to them during the rescue.
A. got
through B.
brought down C.
gave away D.
gave out
28. Credit
cards give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at
home, and even abroad, and they make many banking services
as well.
A. sustainable B.
available C.
reliable D.
valuable
29. Although
the country has had political independence for over a century,
it needs the support of its neighbors.
A. naturally B.
economically C.
especially D.
luckily
30. The
superstar can be very sad
, though in public he is extremely cheerful.
A. by
chance B.
in person C.
in private D.
as individual
第二節
完成句子（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）
閱讀下列各小題，根據括號內的漢語提示，用句末括號內的英語單詞完成句子。
31. ―Tom, your hair is too long. Go to
the barber’s and
（把頭發剪短）.(cut)
―OK, Mum. I’ll do it after school.
32. Never
（他到過）any other
city in China except Beijing. (be)
33. （最著名的兩所大學）in Britain are Oxford
University and Cambridge University.(famous)
34. How I wish
（我沒有浪費）so much
time playing computer games when I should have studied. (waste)
35. The factory
（他曾經工作過的）is in
danger of closing down because of poor management. (work)
36. I hate being away
from my parents, so I can’t decide
（是否要去日本工作）.(whether)
37. Road accidents
have become much fewer in the past few years. The government must
（采取了有效措施）.(take)
38. To avoid
（燙傷）, you have
to be careful enough when you are cooking. (burn)
39. I can hardly fall
asleep because of the loud noise outside. A new shopping center （正在建設）nearby. (build)
40. The student wasn’t
paying attention in class,
（眼睛盯著）the tree
in front of the classroom. (fix)
第二節 完型填空（共20小題；每小題1.5分，滿分30分）
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從41―60各題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項。
An earthquake hit Kashmir on Oct. 8, 2005. It took some 75,000 lives, 41 130,000 and left nearly 3.5 million
without food, jobs or homes.
42 overnight, scores of
tent villages went up across the 43 with the help of international aid 44 , military personnel（人員）and aid groups working day and
night to shelter the survivors before winter set 45
.
Mercifully, the
season was mild. But with the
46 of spring, the
survivors will be moved again. Camps that 47
health care, food and shelter for 150,000 survivors have begun to
close as they were 48 intended to be permanent.
For most of the
survivors, the thought of going back brings 49
emotions. The past six months have been difficult. Families of 50 many as 10 people have had to
shelter in a single 51 and share cook stoves and bathing 52
with neighbors. “They are looking forward to the clean water of
their rivers,” officials say. “They are 53 of free fresh fruit. They want to
get back to their fields and start 54 again.” But most will be returning
to 55 but piles of ruins. In many
villages, electrical 56 have not been repaired, nor have
roads. Aid workers 57 that it will take years to rebuild
what the earthquake 58 away. And for the thousands of
survivors, the 59 will never be complete.
Yet the survivors
have to start somewhere. New homes can
be 60 from the stones, bricks and beams（梁）of old ones. Spring is coming and
it is a good time to start again.
41. A. injured B.
ruined C.
destroyed D.
damaged
42. A. Altogether B.
Almost C.
Scarcely D.
Surely
43. A. position B.
construction C.
location D.
region
44. A. ranks B.
equipment C.
organizations D.
arms
45. A. out B.
in C.
up D.
off
46. A. falling B.
leaving C.
coming D.
appearing
47. A. strengthened B.
aided C.
transferred D.
provided
48. A. never B.
once C.
ever D.
yet
49. A. puzzled B.
disappointed C.
doubled D.
mixed
50. A. like B.
as C.
so D.
too
51. A. room B.
bed C.
tent D.
umbrella
52. A. facilities B.
instruments C.
tools D.
furniture
53. A. seeking B.
dreaming C.
longing D.
searching
54. A. producing B.
harvesting C.
farming D.
living
55. A. anything B.
something C.
everything D.
nothing
56. A. lines B.
channels C.
paths D.
currents
57. A. account B.
measure C.
think D.
guarantee
58. A. went B.
took C.
gave D.
put
59. A. reform B.
recreation C.
replacement D.
recovery
60. A. built B.
pulled C.
surrounded D.
removed
第三部分：閱讀理解（共20小題，每題2分，滿分40分）
閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項。
A
A federal judge sentenced Bruce Jones to 12 years in federal prison
for fraud（詐騙罪）. Over a
10-year period, Jones had managed to cheat thousands of people throughout the
state out of almost $10 million.
He advertised his fantastic ideas on TV. “For some reason,” Jones
said, “TV seems to break the ice. Even though you are a total stranger to the
viewer, once he sees you on TV in his home, he feels like he knows you. You
enter his living room and become a trusted friend.”
Jones had an imagination that wouldn’t quit. One time he showed
viewers an “official government” earthquake report which “proved” that the
western half of California
would collapse into the sea within three years. For $100, he said, Jones would
insure（承保） your
house and property for full value. Thousands of people who saw that TV ad sent
him a hundred dollars each.
In another TV ad, Jones claimed that he had come to an agreement
with the federal and state government for exclusive（獨享的）air rights. He told viewers
that, for only $100, they could own the first 10 miles above all their
property. You would be able to charge any commercial plane that flew over your
property $100 per crossing. You would also be able to charge government rockets,
satellites, space shuttles, and space stations $100 for each and every
violation of your air rights.
Another time, Jones claimed to have invented a product that gets rid
of calories. He showed the viewers a spray can of “NoCal.” He said that by
simply spraying NoCal on your food, a chemical interaction would cause all the
calories in the food to simply disappear within about 10 seconds. The NoCal was
only $10 a can. As usual,
Jones received thousands of checks in the mail.
The judge told Jones that he should be ashamed of himself. Jones
responded that he was very ashamed of himself, and that when he got out of
prison he hoped to become a TV adviser to help people avoid getting cheated. He
told the judge that he was already developing an instructional CD that, for
merely $100, would save people thousands of dollars in scams（騙局）. The judge nodded, and then
changed Jones’ sentence from 10 years to 12 years.
61. According
to Jones, he could successfully cheat many people mainly because
.
A. he
promised them a large profit
B. they
were too eager to make money
C. they
believed too much in TV ads
D. he was
skillful in communicating with people
62. Which of
the following statements is TRUE?
A. Jones
showed unusual imagination in his tricks.
B. Jones
was closely related to the state government.
C. Western California was in danger of going under the sea.
D. Jones
felt guilty and was determined to lead a new life.
63. We can
infer that people who wanted to buy “NoCal” from Jones
.
A.
were mainly from low income families
B. all had
a rich knowledge of chemistry
C. were
probably interested in losing weight
D. usually
did the shopping through the Internet
64. The judge
changed the sentence at last because
.
A. Jones
was planning another big scam
B. he could
hardly believe what Jones had told him
C. Jones
had cheated more people than he expected
D. he had
suffered from Jones’ scams himself
B
Icebergs are among
nature’s most impressive creations, and yet most people have never seen one.
They come into being somewhere in faraway, freezing waters, amid thunderous
noise and splashing turbulence（漩渦）, which in most cases no one hears or sees. They exist only a short
time and then slowly melt away just as unnoticed.
They have been called objects of
complete beauty. Appearing in an endless variety of shapes, they may be dazzlingly
white, or they may be glassy blue, green or purple, in light colors or in dark
colors. They are graceful, stately, inspiring-in calm, sunlit seas.
But they are also
called frightening and dangerous, and that they are-in the night, in the fog,
and in storms. Even in clear weather one is wise to stay a safe distance away
from them. Most of their main part is hidden below the water, so their
underwater parts may extend out far beyond the visible top. Also, they may roll
over unexpectedly, stirring the waters around them.
Icebergs are parts
of glaciers that break off, drift into the water, float about awhile, and
finally melt. Icebergs floating today are made of snows that have fallen over
long ages of time. They include snows that drifted down hundreds, or many
thousands, or in some cases maybe a million years ago. The snows fell in Polar regions and on cold mountains, where they melted
only a little or not at all, and so collected to great depths over the years
and centuries.
As each year’s snow
accumulation lay on the surface, evaporation and melting caused the snowflakes
slowly to become tiny grains of ice. When new snow fell on top of the old, it
too turned to icy grains. So blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon
layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper layers pressed
the lower ones. With time and pressure from above, the many small
ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals, and eventually the deeper
crystals merged into a solid mass of ice.
65. The
underlined word “dazzlingly” in Paragraph 2 probably means “
”.
A. brilliantly B.
abundantly C.
beautifully D.
approximately
66. The author
states that icebergs are rarely seen because they are
.
A. broken
by waves soon after they are found
B. hidden
under the mountains
C. located
in remote regions of the world
D. surrounded
by fog
67. The
underlined phrase “from above” in the last paragraph refers to “
”.
A. sunlit
seas B. polar regions C. weight of mountains D. layers of ice and snow
68. According
to the passage, icebergs are dangerous because they
.
A. usually
melt quickly B. can turn over suddenly
C. may
create large snowdrifts D. may float and hit the ships suddenly
C
me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would
joke that one day I’d be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.
Once I graduated, I took a job at a community newspaper. From my
first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed
this was the way the professional world worked .
I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an
advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get
mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The
mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but
people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.
My job title made people treat me politely. So it was a shock to
return to the restaurant industry.
It’s no secret that there’s a lot to put up with when waiting
tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the
tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to satisfy to others’ needs.
Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn’t get the difference
between server and servant.
I’m now applying to graduated school, which means someday I’ll
return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what
they want, I think I’ll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat
someone whose only job is to serve them.
69. The author was
disappointed to find that ____
___.
A. one’s position is used as a standard to measure one’s
intelligence
B. talented people like her should fail to get a respectable job
C. one’s occupation affects the way one is treated as a person
D. professionals tend to look down upon manual waitresses
70. What does the
author intend to say by the example in the second paragraph?
A. Some customers simply show no respect to those who serve them.
B. People absorbed in a phone conversation tend to be absent-minded.
C. Waitresses are often treated by customers as casual
acquaintances.
D. Some customers like to complain because of the waitress’ poor
service.
71. How did the author feel when waiting tables at the age of 19?
A. She felt it
unfair to be treated as a mere servant by professional.
B. She felt badly
hurt when her customers regarded her as a peon.
C. She was
embarrassed each time her customers joked with her.
D. She found it
natural for professionals to treat her as inferior.
72. The
underlined sentence “many of my customers didn’t get the difference between
server and servant” in Paragraph 7 means “
”.
A. those who satisfy
others’ needs are sure to be looked down upon.
B. those working in
the service industry shouldn’t be treated as servants.
C. those serving
others have to put up with rough treatment to earn a living.
D. the majority of
customers tend to look on a servant as server nowadays.
D
WASHINGTON(Reuters)-Vast
areas of US Pacific Ocean waters could be protected as marine protected areas
or monuments, the White House said on Monday, drawing praise from environmental
groups.
President George W.
Bush started the process by directing the US secretaries of the Interior. Defense
and Commerce departments to judge whether certain locations in the Pacific
should be designated（指定）as marine protected areas, White House spokesman Tony Fratto said.
The areas being considered for protection in the new plan are a group of
islands and atolls（環狀珊瑚島）in the remote central Pacific, including the Rose Atoll near
American Samoa, and some of the waters around the Northern Mariana Islands in
the western Pacific.
The action comes a
month after Bush in a symbolic action put an end to a White House ban on
offshore drilling closer to home as gas prices rose. Environmental groups said
expanded offshore drilling, which would still require congressional approval,
would not cut gas costs and could hurt wildlife. Bush established a national
monument in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands
in 2006, creating the largest marine protected area in the world. Monday’s
announcement starts a process that could result in more such protected ocean
areas by the end of Bush’s presidency（總統任期）in January.
Joshua Reichert of
the Pew Environment Group called the announcement “a hopeful sign for ocean
conservation” but said designation as a marine protected area or monument could
still permit commercial fishing and deep sea mining.
“However, if the
president establishes these new sites as protected areas, where no destructive
activity is allowed, it would be one of the most significant environmental
achievements of any US president,” Reicehrt said in a statement.
73. What’s the
right order of the events according to the passage?
a. Bush ended a
White House ban on offshore drilling.
b. Bush set up a
national monument in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
c. Bush started a
process to protect the vast areas of US Pacific Ocean.
d. Bush started his
presidency.
A. d, a, b,
c B.
d, b, a, c C.
b, a, c, d D.
a, b, c, d
74. Environmental
groups’ attitude toward expanded offshore drilling can be described as “ ”.
A. negative B.
positive C.
agreeable D.
optimistic
75. It can be
inferred from the passage that
.
A. the
areas for protection were considered one month ago
B. Bush
will be the first US
president to gain the most significant environmental achievements
C. Monday’s
announcement still requires congressional approval
D. environmental
groups are satisfied with Monday’s announcement
76. From the
passage we can know that Joshua Reichert
.
A. didn’t
agree with the announcement
B. hoped to
permit commercial fishing
C. didn’t
trust the announcement at all
D. still
worried about some destructive activities
E
Can computer reason?
Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct
conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur. Now, or at least soon,
computers will be able to do logical reasoning in a variety of areas without
making errors. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that
relies on the recent research in this field. AURA(Automated Reasoning
Assistant) is the program that is the best example of this use of the computer.
AURA solves a
program by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. The
program reaches logical conclusions perfectly as it uses various types of
reasoning and solves almost all problems by using advanced techniques to find a
contradiction（矛盾）.
One generally starts
with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable.
For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically（自動地） shuts down a nuclear reactor
when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut
the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction
between the statement and the system’s design assumptions, then this aspect of
the reactor’s design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy lets AURA concentrate
on the problem at hand and avoid many fruitless steps.
The chief use for
AURA at this time is for electronic circuit（電路）design check, but a number of other uses will arise. For example,
there already exist “expert systems” that are special purpose programs designed to automate reasoning in
a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert systems continue to
improve and have an endless life. Moreover, they can be reproduced just for
pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great
demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could
be reproduced any number of times.
Will the computer
replace the human being? It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce
more clever programs, such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans.
Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more
complex ideas, which will be partially prepared and then checked for reasoning
flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.
77. The way AURA works is to
.
A. explore the faults
in designing.
B. discover the
viruses in a program.
C. find out what is
against the set programs
D. predict by
reasoning.
78. All of the following are mentioned as areas for the use of AURA
EXCEPT
.
A. electronic
engineering. B.
search for oil
C. identification of
diseases. D.
mental logic
79. All of the following are advantages of expert programs EXCEPT
.
A. they can be
reproduced endlessly B.
they are featured by self analysis.
C. they may be
enriched in contents. D.
they are reproduced almost free.
80. What’s the best title for the passage?
A. Practical Uses of
computers. B.
Suggested applications for AURA.
C. The technical
perfection of AURA. D.
Computer aid to human reasoning.
第四部分：書面表達（滿分25分）
假設你叫李華，是一名高三學生。你的英國朋友Tom因為工作忙沒有看奧運比賽，所以發e-mail向你了解劉翔因腳傷退賽的相關信息。請根據下列要點，用英文給Tom回一封電子郵件。
要點：
1. 2008年8月18日劉翔因腳傷退賽；
2. 你深感惋惜；
3. 表示將繼續支持劉翔；
4. 祝愿劉翔早日傷愈，重返賽場。
注意：
1. 詞數100左右；
2. 電子郵件的開頭和結尾已為你寫好（不計你所寫詞數）。
Dear Tom,
You said in
your e-mail that you didn’t watch the Olympic Games because of your busy work
and wanted to know something about Liu Xiang’s quitting the men’s 110-meter
hurdles…
Sincerely yours,
Li Hua
試題詳情
2008年高考化學試題分類解析
化學計算
1．（08海南卷）在兩個密閉容器中，分別充有質量相同的甲、乙兩種氣體，若兩容器的溫度和壓強均相同，且甲的密度大于乙的密度，則下列說法正確的是（ ）
A．甲的分子數比乙的分子數多
B．甲的物質的量比乙的物質的量少
C．甲的摩爾體積比乙的摩爾體積小
D．甲的相對分子質量比乙的相對分子質量小
解析：根據阿伏加德羅定律可知同溫同壓下氣體的密度之比等于摩爾質量之比，即＝，由于＞1，所以M(甲)＞M(乙)；由于它們的質量相等，所以甲的物質的量比乙的物質的量少，甲的分子數比乙少；由于它們的外界條件相同，所以它們的摩爾體積相同。
答案：B。
2．（08廣東卷）能表示阿伏加德羅常數數值的是（ ）
A．1mol金屬鈉含有的電子數
B．標準狀況下22.4L苯所含的分子數
C．0.012kg12C所含的原子數
D．1L1mol?L－1的硫酸溶液所含的H＋數
解析：選項A中1molNa含有的電子數為23NA；選項B中苯在標準狀況下為液體，不能用n＝V/22.4來計算苯的物質的量；選項C中0012kg為1mol，所含的原子數就是一個阿伏加德羅常數；選項D中由于H2SO4為強電解質，所以溶液中的H＋的物質的量為2mol，即H＋數為2NA。
答案：C
3．（08海南卷）設NA為阿伏加德羅常數，下列說法正確的是（
）
A．標準狀況下，5.6L四氯化碳含有的分子數為0.25NA
B．標準狀況下，14g氮氣含有的核外電子數為5NA
C．標準狀況下，22.4L任意比的氫氣和氯氣的混合氣體中含有的分子總數均為NA
D．標準狀況下，鋁跟氫氧化鈉溶液反應生成1mol氫氣時，轉移的電子數為NA
解析：選項A中CCl4在標準狀況下為液體，所以其物質的量時不能用n＝V/22.4計算，選項B中n(N2)=0.5mol，1molN2中含有14mol電子，所以0.5molN2含有7NA；選項C中在標準狀況下，22.4L的氣體為1mol，不管是混合氣體還是純凈的氣體，所含的分子數均為NA；選項D中生成1molH2，轉移的電子數必定為2NA。
答案：C。
4．（08上海卷）在一定的條件下，完全分解下列某化合物2g，產生氧氣1.6g，此化合物是( )
解析：此題主要考查摩爾質量。選項A中m(16 O2)=×16g?mol－1＝1.78g；選項B中m(16O2)=×16g?mol－1＝1.6g；選項中m(18O2)=×18g?mol－1＝1.8g；選項中m(18O2)=2g/22g?mol－1×18g?mol－1＝1.64g。
答案：B
5．（08四川卷）下列說法不正確的是（ ）
A．1mol氧氣含有12.04×1023個氧原子，在標準狀況下占有體積22.4L
B．1mol臭氧和1.5mol氧氣含有相同的氧原子數
C．等體積、濃度均為1mol/L的磷酸和鹽酸，電離出來的氫離子數之比為3∶1
D．等物質的量的干冰和葡萄糖中所含碳原子數之比為1∶6，氧原子數之比為1∶3
解析：選項C中H3PO4為中強酸，只能部分電離，而鹽酸為強酸，完全電離，所以兩種溶液中的H＋數之比
小于3∶1。
答案：C。
6．（08上海卷）設NA為阿伏加德羅常數，下列說法正確的是( )
A．23gNa在氧氣中完全燃燒失電子數為0.5NA
B．1L2mol?L－1的MgCl2溶液中含Mg2＋數為2NA
C．標準狀況下，11.2LSO3所含分子數為0.5NA
D．室溫下，8g甲烷含有共價鍵數為2NA
解析：選項A中n(Na)＝1mol，轉移的電子數為NA；選項B中n(MgCl2)＝2mol，但Mg2＋部分水解，所
以溶液中含Mg2＋數小于2NA；選項C中SO3在標準狀況下為液體。
答案：D
7．（08上海卷）在石灰窯中燒制生石灰，1molCaCO3完全分解所需要的能量，可燃燒0.453mol碳來提供。設空氣中O2體積分數為0.21，N2為0.79，則石灰窯產生的氣體中CO2的體積分數可能是( )
A．0.43 B．0.46 C．0.49 D．0.52
解析： C＋O2
CO2
CaCO3
CaO＋CO2↑
0.453mol 0.453mol 0.453mol 1mol
1mol
產生的CO2的總量為：1.453mol，消耗0.453molO2含有的N2為＝1.70mol，所以氣體中的CO2的體積分數為：＝0.46。
答案：A、B
8．（08上海卷）生態溶液涉及農家肥料的綜合利用，某種肥料經發酵得到一種含有甲烷、二氧化碳、氮氣的混合氣體。2.016L（標準狀況）該氣體通過盛有紅色CuO粉末的硬質玻璃管，發生的反應為：CH4＋4CuO
CO2＋2H2O＋
4Cu。當甲烷完全反應后，硬質玻璃管的質量減輕4.8g。將反應后產生的氣體通過過量的澄清石灰水，充分吸收，生成沉淀8.5g。
(1)原混合氣體中甲烷的物質的量是____________。
(2)原混合氣體中氮氣的體積分數為多少？(寫出計算過程)
解析：由于硬質玻璃管減少的質量為CuO中的氧的質量，所以n(CuO)==0.3mol，由方程式可知反應的CH4的物質的量為0.075mol。生成的CO2也為0.075mol，將氣體通過澄清的石灰水生成8.5g沉淀，所以n(CO2)=0.085mol，原混合氣體中的n(CO2)=0.01mol，而氣體的總物質的量為：＝0.09mol，所以n(N2)=0.005mol，N2的體積分數為：×100%=5.56％。
答案：（1）0.075mol。
(2）5.56％。
9．（08上海卷）小蘇打、胃舒、平達喜都是常用的中和胃酸的藥物。
(1）小蘇打片每片含0.5gNaHCO3，2片小蘇打片和胃酸完全中和，被中和的H＋是___________mol。
(2）胃舒平每片含0.245gAl(OH)3。中和胃酸時，6片小蘇打片相當于胃舒平_____片。
(3）達喜的化學成分是鋁和鎂的堿式鹽。
①取該堿式鹽3.01g，加入2.0mol?L－1鹽酸使其溶解，當加入鹽酸42.5mL時，開始產生CO2，加入鹽酸至45.0mL時正好反應完全，計算該堿式鹽樣品中氫氧根與碳酸根的物質的量之比。
②在上述堿式鹽溶于鹽酸后的溶液中加入過量的氫氧化鈉，過濾，沉淀物進行干燥后重1.74g，若該堿式鹽中氫元素的質量分數為0.040，試推測該堿式鹽的化學式。
解析：(1)2片小蘇打所含NaHCO3的質量為1g，其物質的量為=0.012mol，
由HCO3－＋H+===CO2↑＋H2O，可知n(H＋)=0.012mol。
(2)6片小蘇打的物質的量為：=0036mol，即中和的H＋為0.036mol，而每片的Al(OH)3的物質的量為=0.0031mol，由Al(OH)3＋3H＋ ===Al3＋＋3H2O，所以Al(OH)3的片數為：=3.8片。
(3)①堿式鹽中加入HCl，首先是堿式鹽中的OH－和CO32－與H＋反應生成H2O和HCO3－，所以n(HCO3－)＝2.0mol?L－1×0.0025L＝0.005mol，即n(CO32－)=0.005mol，H＋與CO32－與HCl反應的H＋的總物質的量為：2.0mol?L－1×0.0425L＝0.085mol，所以n(OH－)=0.08mol，它們的物質的量之比為：16∶1。
②能與過量的NaOH溶液反應產生沉淀的只有Mg2＋，所以n[Mg(OH)2]＝=0.03mol，若堿式鹽中不含結晶水，則氫元素的質量分數為：0.08mol×1g/mol＝0.08g，氫元素的質量分數為：=0.027＜0.04，說明堿式鹽中含有結晶水，根據題意有：m(Al)＋m(H2O)＋0.03mol×24g/mol＋0.005mol×60g/mol＋0.08mol×17g/mol=3.01g，=0.04，所以m(H2O)=0.36g，n(H2O)=002mol，m(Al)=0.27g，n(Al)=001mol，所以n(Al3＋)∶n(Mg2＋)∶n(OH－)∶n(CO32－)∶n(H2O)＝0.01mol∶0.03mol∶0.08mol∶0.005mol∶0.02mol＝2∶6∶16∶1∶4，即堿式鹽的化學式為：Al2Mg6(OH)16CO3?4H2O。
答案：（1）0.012mol。
(2）3.8。
(3）n(OH－)∶n(CO32－)＝16∶1。
(4）Al2Mg6(OH)16CO3?4H2O。
10．（08廣東卷）相同質量的下列物質分別與等濃度的NaOH溶液反應，至體系中均無固體物質，消耗堿量最多的是（ ）
A．Al B．Al(OH)3 C．Al Cl3 D．Al2O3
解析：m（Al）：m（NaOH）=27：40；
m（Al（OH）3）：m（NaOH）=75：40；
m（AlCl3）：m（NaOH）=33.375：40；
m（Al2O3）：m（NaOH）=51：40；
所以相同質量的物質，消耗堿量最多的是Al。故選A。
答案：A
11．（08廣東卷）設阿伏加德羅常數（NA）的數值為nA,下列說法正確的是（ ）
A．1molCl2與足量Fe反應，轉移的電子數為3nA
B．1.5 mol NO2與足量H2O反應，轉移的電子數為nA
C．常溫常壓下，46 g的NO2和N2O4混合氣體含有的原子數為3nA
D．0.10mol Fe粉與足量水蒸氣反應生成的H2分子數為0.10nA
解析：Fe過量可使Fe3+還原為Fe2+，A錯誤。3NO2+H2O==2HNO3+NO，易知B正確。C中，
可把N2O4看作2NO2，則有1moLNO2，所以有3mol原子；也可以用極端方法，看作全部NO2或全部N2O4考慮，也可得出結果。3Fe+4H2O===Fe3O4+4H2↑，由方程可知D錯誤。
答案：B、C
12．（08江蘇卷）用NA表示阿伏加德羅常數的值。下列敘述正確的是（ ）
A．常溫常壓下的33.6L氯氣與27g鋁充分反應，轉移電子數為3NA
B．標準狀況下，22.4L己烷中共價鍵數目為19NA
C．由CO2和O2組成的混合物中共有NA個分子，其中的氧原子數為2NA
D．1L濃度為1mol?L-1的Na2CO3溶液中含有NA個CO32-
解析：選項A中n(Al)=1mol，Cl2的物質的量不能確定，當Cl2的物質的量小于1.5mol時，轉移的電子數小于3NA，當Cl2的物質的量等于或大于1.5mol時，轉移的電子數為1.5mol；己烷在標準狀況下為液體，所以其物質的量不能用n＝來確定；選項C中含有NA個分子的CO2和O2，其物質的量為1mol，而不管是CO2還是O2 1mol中均含有2mol的O，NA個CO2和O2的混合氣體所含的O數為1mol；選項D中CO32－為弱酸根離子，水解后使得CO32－的物質的量小于1mol，CO32－的個數小于NA。
答案：C。
13．（08山東卷）NA代表阿伏加德羅常數，下列敘述錯誤的是（ ）
A．10 mL質量分數為98%的H2SO4,用水稀釋至100 mL,H2SO4的質量分數為9.8%
B．在H2O2+Cl2=2HCl+O2反應中，每生成32 g氧氣，則轉移2NA個電子
C．標準狀況下，分子數為NA的CO、C2H4混合氣體體積約為22.4
L,質量為28 g
D．一定溫度下，1 L 0.50 mol?L-1 NH4Cl溶液與2 L 0.25 mol?L-1 NH4Cl溶液含NH+4物質的量不同
解析：選項A中根據稀釋前后溶質的質量不變得：10mL×ρ(前)×98%＝100mL×ρ(后)×ω(后)，所以ω(后)＝，由于反應前后溶液的密度不能確定，所以其質量分數也不能確定；選項B中n(O2)＝1mol，O元素的化合價從－1價變為0價，所以每個O原子失去1個電子，故反應中轉移的電子數為2NA；選項C中分子數為NA的CO和C2H4其物質的量為1mol，則在標準狀況下所占的體積為22.4L，由于它們的摩爾質量都是28g?mol－1，即平均摩爾質量也為28g?mol－1，所以其質量為28g；選項D中由于NH4＋＋H2O
NH3?H2O＋OH－，濃度越小，水解程度越大，所以溶液中所含NH4＋的物質的量不同。
答案：A。
14．（08四川卷）在Al2(SO4)3和(NH4)2SO4的混合溶液中加入bmol的BaCl2，恰好使溶液中的SO42－完全沉淀；如加入足量強堿并加熱可得到cmolNH3，則原溶液中的Al3＋的濃度(mol/L)為( )
A． B． C． D．
解析：由于NH3的物質的量為cmol，由原子守恒和電荷守恒得：(NH4)2SO4的物質的量為mol，反應時用去的BaCl2的物質的量也為mol，剩余的BaCl2為(b－)mol，則Al2(SO4)3中的SO42－的物質的量也為(b－)mol，由電荷守恒得：n(Al3＋)×3＝(b－)×2，所以c(Al3＋)＝mol/L。
答案：C。
試題詳情
祁東鼎興補習學校物理模擬試題2009.05.04